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Graph neural networks (GNNs) have received tremendous attention due to their superiority in learning node representations. These models rely on message passing and feature transformation functions to encode the structural and feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Kai Guo , Kaixiong Zhou , Xia Hu , Yu Li , Yi Chang , Xin Wang

Contrastive learning has emerged as a powerful method in deep learning, excelling at learning effective representations through contrasting samples from different distributions. However, neural collapse, where embeddings converge into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Huanran Li , Manh Nguyen , Daniel Pimentel-Alarcón

Graph convolutional networks (GCNs) have achieved promising performance on various graph-based tasks. However they suffer from over-smoothing when stacking more layers. In this paper, we present a quantitative study on this observation and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Hongwei Zhang , Tijin Yan , Zenjun Xie , Yuanqing Xia , Yuan Zhang

Oversmoothing in Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) refers to the phenomenon where increasing network depth leads to homogeneous node representations. While previous work has established that Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) exponentially lose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Xinyi Wu , Amir Ajorlou , Zihui Wu , Ali Jadbabaie

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are models that leverage the graph structure to transmit information between nodes, typically through the message-passing operation. While widely successful, this approach is well known to suffer from the…

While graph neural networks (GNNs) have allowed researchers to successfully apply neural networks to non-Euclidean domains, deep GNNs often exhibit lower predictive performance than their shallow counterparts. This phenomena has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Keqin Wang , Yulong Yang , Ishan Saha , Christine Allen-Blanchette

The relationship between Layer Normalization (LN) placement and the oversmoothing phenomenon remains underexplored. We identify a critical dilemma: Pre-LN architectures avoid oversmoothing but suffer from the curse of depth, while Post-LN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Weiqi Guan , Junlin He

Graph Convolutional Neural Network (GCN), a widely adopted method for analyzing relational data, enhances node discriminability through the aggregation of neighboring information. Usually, stacking multiple layers can improve the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Furong Peng , Kang Liu , Xuan Lu , Yuhua Qian , Hongren Yan , Chao Ma

Contrastive learning has recently established itself as a powerful self-supervised learning framework for extracting rich and versatile data representations. Broadly speaking, contrastive learning relies on a data augmentation scheme to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-02 Ilgee Hong , Huy Tran , Claire Donnat

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN) is a pioneering model for graph-based semi-supervised learning. However, GCN does not perform well on sparsely-labeled graphs. Its two-layer version cannot effectively propagate the label information to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Wei Ye , Zexi Huang , Yunqi Hong , Ambuj Singh

Learning generalizable self-supervised graph representations for downstream tasks is challenging. To this end, Contrastive Learning (CL) has emerged as a leading approach. The embeddings of CL are arranged on a hypersphere where similarity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Yifei Zhang , Hao Zhu , Menglin Yang , Jiahong Liu , Rex Ying , Irwin King , Piotr Koniusz

Oversmoothing is a central challenge of building more powerful Graph Neural Networks (GNNs). While previous works have only demonstrated that oversmoothing is inevitable when the number of graph convolutions tends to infinity, in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Xinyi Wu , Zhengdao Chen , William Wang , Ali Jadbabaie

Contrastive learning has emerged as a powerful method in deep learning, excelling at learning effective representations through contrasting samples from different distributions. However, dimensional collapse, where embeddings converge into…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Huanran Li , Manh Nguyen , Daniel Pimentel-Alarcón

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are known to suffer from performance degradation as the number of layers increases, which is usually attributed to over-smoothing. Despite the apparent consensus, we observe that there exists a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-29 Weilin Cong , Morteza Ramezani , Mehrdad Mahdavi

Over-smoothing is a severe problem which limits the depth of Graph Convolutional Networks. This article gives a comprehensive analysis of the mechanism behind Graph Convolutional Networks and the over-smoothing effect. The article proposes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Fang Sun

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used in domains like social networks and biological systems. However, the locality assumption of GNNs, which limits information exchange to neighboring nodes, hampers their ability to capture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Tingting Dan , Jiaqi Ding , Ziquan Wei , Shahar Z Kovalsky , Minjeong Kim , Won Hwa Kim , Guorong Wu

Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are powerful for processing graph-structured data and have achieved state-of-the-art performance in several tasks such as node classification, link prediction, and graph classification. However, it is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Langzhang Liang , Cuiyun Gao , Shiyi Chen , Shishi Duan , Yu pan , Junjin Zheng , Lei Wang , Zenglin Xu

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown great potential in graph data analysis due to their powerful representation capabilities. However, as the network depth increases, the issue of over-smoothing becomes more severe, causing node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Kaichen Ouyang

It is known that the current graph neural networks (GNNs) are difficult to make themselves deep due to the problem known as over-smoothing. Multi-scale GNNs are a promising approach for mitigating the over-smoothing problem. However, there…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-07 Kenta Oono , Taiji Suzuki

Linearized Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have attracted great attention in recent years for graph representation learning. Compared with nonlinear Graph Neural Network (GNN) models, linearized GNNs are much more time-efficient and can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Yulin Zhu , Xing Ai , Qimai Li , Xiao-Ming Wu , Kai Zhou