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Research software (also called scientific software) is essential for advancing scientific endeavours. Research software encapsulates complex algorithms and domain-specific knowledge and is a fundamental component of all science. A pervasive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Neil A. Ernst , Ahmed Musa Awon , Swapnil Hingmire , Ze Shi Li

While technical debt grows in absolute numbers as software systems evolve over time, the density of technical debt (technical debt divided by lines of code) is reduced in some cases. This can be explained by either the application of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-20 George Digkas , Alexander Chatzigeorgiou , Apostolos Ampatzoglou , Paris Avgeriou

Knowledge Tracing (KT) is a fundamental technology in intelligent tutoring systems used to simulate changes in students' knowledge state during learning, track personalized knowledge mastery, and predict performance. However, current KT…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Jiahui Cen , Jianghao Lin , Weixuan Zhong , Dong Zhou , Jin Chen , Aimin Yang , Yongmei Zhou

Decomposition, statically dividing a program into multiple units, is a common programming technique for realizing parallelism and refining programs. The decomposition of a sequential program into components is tedious, due to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-09 Sabah Al-Fedaghi

A control model is typically classified into three forms: conceptual, mathematical and simulation (computer). This paper analyzes a conceptual modeling application with respect to an inventory management system. Today, most organizations…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Sabah Al-Fedaghi , Nourah Al-Huwais

Self-Admitted Technical Debt or SATD can be found in various sources, such as source code comments, commit messages, issue tracking systems, and pull requests. Previous research has established the existence of relations between SATD items…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Yikun Li , Mohamed Soliman , Paris Avgeriou

Knowledge tracing (KT), a key component of an intelligent tutoring system, is a machine learning technique that estimates the mastery level of a student based on his/her past performance. The objective of KT is to predict a student's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Heonseok Ha , Uiwon Hwang , Yongjun Hong , Jahee Jang , Sungroh Yoon

Background. Code Technical Debt (Code TD) prediction has gained significant attention in recent software engineering research. However, no standardized approach to Code TD prediction fully captures the factors influencing its evolution.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Mikel Robredo , Nyyti Saarimaki , Matteo Esposito , Davide Taibi , Rafael Penaloza , Valentina Lenarduzzi

Quantifying the similarity between datasets has widespread applications in statistics and machine learning. The performance of a predictive model on novel datasets, referred to as generalizability, depends on how similar the training and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-18 Marieke Stolte , Franziska Kappenberg , Jörg Rahnenführer , Andrea Bommert

Technical debt describes situations where developers write less-than-optimal code to meet project milestones. However, this debt accumulation often results in future developer effort to live with or fix these quality issues. To better…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Gregory Wilder , Riley Miyamoto , Samuel Watson , Rick Kazman , Anthony Peruma

Architectural debt is a form of technical debt that derives from the gap between the architectural design of the system as it "should be" compared to "as it is". We measured architecture debt in two ways: 1) in terms of system-wide coupling…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Maleknaz Nayebi , Yuanfang Cai , Rick Kazman , Guenther Ruhe , Qiong Feng , Chris Carlson , Francis Chew

The performance of machine learning models depends heavily on training data. The scarcity of large-scale, well-annotated datasets poses significant challenges in creating robust models. To address this, synthetic data generated through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Ayush Zenith , Arnold Zumbrun , Neel Raut , Jing Lin

We present a different approach to developing a concept of time for specifying temporality in the conceptual modeling of software and database systems. In the database field, various proposals and products address temporal data. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-02 Sabah Al-Fedaghi

We present the Classroom Technology Deployment Matrix (CTDM), a tool for high-level Planning, Monitoring, Evaluating and Reporting of classroom deployments of educational technologies, enabling researchers, teachers and schools to work…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Philip Heslop , Ahmed Kharrufa , Madeline Balaam , David Leat

In quantitative program analysis, values are assigned to execution traces to represent a quality measure. Such analyses cover important applications, e.g. resource usage. Examining all traces is well known to be intractable and therefore…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2016-07-11 Duc-Hiep Chu , Joxan Jaffar , Vijayaraghavan Murali

Context: Technical Debt (TD) discusses the negative impact of sub-optimal decisions to cope with the need-for-speed in software development. Code Technical Debt Items (TDI) are atomic elements of TD that can be observed in code artefacts.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Ehsan Zabardast , Kwabena Ebo Bennin , Javier Gonzalez-Huerta

Context: Self-admitted technical debt (SATD) occurs when developers acknowledge shortcuts in code. In scientific software (SSW), such debt poses unique risks to the validity and reproducibility of results. Objective: This study aims to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Eric L. Melin , Nasir U. Eisty , Gregory Watson , Addi Malviya-Thakur

Modern software is developed under considerable time pressure, which implies that developers more often than not have to resort to compromises when it comes to code that is well written and code that just does the job. This has led over the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-29 Rungroj Maipradit , Bin Lin , Csaba Nagy , Gabriele Bavota , Michele Lanza , Hideaki Hata , Kenichi Matsumoto

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across diverse domains, but their heavy resource demands make quantization-reducing precision to lower-bit formats-critical for efficient serving. While many…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Tianyao Shi , Yi Ding

When not appropriately managed, technical debt is considered to have negative effects on the long term success of a software project. However, how the debt metaphor applies to requirements engineering in general, and to requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-26 Valentina Lenarduzzi , Davide Fucci