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Normalization methods are a central building block in the deep learning toolbox. They accelerate and stabilize training, while decreasing the dependence on manually tuned learning rate schedules. When learning from multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Lucas Deecke , Iain Murray , Hakan Bilen

Modern deep learning architecture utilize batch normalization (BN) to stabilize training and improve accuracy. It has been shown that the BN layers alone are surprisingly expressive. In the context of robustness against adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Nils Philipp Walter , David Stutz , Bernt Schiele

Efficient Federated learning (FL) is crucial for training deep networks over devices with limited compute resources and bounded networks. With the advent of big data, devices either generate or collect multimodal data to train either…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Sahil Tyagi

Layer normalization (LN) is a widely adopted deep learning technique especially in the era of foundation models. Recently, LN has been shown to be surprisingly effective in federated learning (FL) with non-i.i.d. data. However, exactly why…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Guojun Zhang , Mahdi Beitollahi , Alex Bie , Xi Chen

Batch Normalization (BN) uses mini-batch statistics to normalize the activations during training, introducing dependence between mini-batch elements. This dependency can hurt the performance if the mini-batch size is too small, or if the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Saurabh Singh , Shankar Krishnan

Batch normalization (BN) has become a de facto standard for training deep convolutional networks. However, BN accounts for a significant fraction of training run-time and is difficult to accelerate, since it is a memory-bandwidth bounded…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-10 Igor Gitman , Boris Ginsburg

Batch normalization (BN) is central to modern deep networks, but its effect on the realized function during training remains less understood than its optimization benefits. We study training-time BN in continuous piecewise-affine (CPA)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xuan Qi , Yi Wei , Fanqi Yu , Furao Shen , Vittorio Murino , Cigdem Beyan

Batch Normalization (BN) has played a pivotal role in the success of deep learning by improving training stability, mitigating overfitting, and enabling more effective optimization. However, its adoption in deep reinforcement learning (DRL)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Li Wang , Sudun , Xingjian Zhang , Wenjun Wu , Lei Huang

Batch Normalization (BN) is a commonly used technique to accelerate and stabilize training of deep neural networks. Despite its empirical success, a full theoretical understanding of BN is yet to be developed. In this work, we analyze BN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Tolga Ergen , Arda Sahiner , Batu Ozturkler , John Pauly , Morteza Mardani , Mert Pilanci

Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) is a widely adopted technique that enables faster and more stable training of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its pervasiveness, the exact reasons for BatchNorm's effectiveness are still poorly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-16 Shibani Santurkar , Dimitris Tsipras , Andrew Ilyas , Aleksander Madry

Numerous large-scale chest x-ray datasets have spearheaded expert-level detection of abnormalities using deep learning. However, these datasets focus on detecting a subset of disease labels that could be present, thus making them…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Pranav Kulkarni , Adway Kanhere , Paul H. Yi , Vishwa S. Parekh

Training Deep Neural Networks is complicated by the fact that the distribution of each layer's inputs changes during training, as the parameters of the previous layers change. This slows down the training by requiring lower learning rates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-03 Sergey Ioffe , Christian Szegedy

Federated Learning (FL) is a collaborative method for training models while preserving data privacy in decentralized settings. However, FL encounters challenges related to data heterogeneity, which can result in performance degradation. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Seongyoon Kim , Gihun Lee , Jaehoon Oh , Se-Young Yun

Batch Normalization (BN) is a common technique used to speed-up and stabilize training. On the other hand, the learnable parameters of BN are commonly used in conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (cGANs) for representing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-02-27 Aliaksandr Siarohin , Enver Sangineto , Nicu Sebe

Batch Normalization (BN)(Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) normalizes the features of an input image via statistics of a batch of images and hence BN will bring the noise to the gradient of the training loss. Previous works indicate that the noise is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Senwei Liang , Zhongzhan Huang , Mingfu Liang , Haizhao Yang

Batch normalization was introduced in 2015 to speed up training of deep convolution networks by normalizing the activations across the current batch to have zero mean and unity variance. The results presented here show an interesting aspect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Mohamed Hajaj , Duncan Gillies

Batch normalization (BN) has been widely used in modern deep neural networks (DNNs) due to improved convergence. BN is observed to increase the model accuracy while at the cost of adversarial robustness. There is an increasing interest in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Philipp Benz , Chaoning Zhang , In So Kweon

While the authors of Batch Normalization (BN) identify and address an important problem involved in training deep networks-- \textit{Internal Covariate Shift}-- the current solution has certain drawbacks. For instance, BN depends on batch…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-06-21 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Hung Ngo , Venu Govindaraju

Deep neural networks (DNN) have shown unprecedented success in various computer vision applications such as image classification and object detection. However, it is still a common annoyance during the training phase, that one has to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-11-09 Yanghao Li , Naiyan Wang , Jianping Shi , Jiaying Liu , Xiaodi Hou

Regularization is a set of techniques that are used to improve the generalization ability of deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce spectral batch normalization (SBN), a novel effective method to improve generalization by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Rinor Cakaj , Jens Mehnert , Bin Yang