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We describe recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which have attracted great attention on sequential tasks, such as handwriting recognition, speech recognition and image to text. However, compared to general feedforward neural networks, RNNs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-01-16 Gang Chen

With the emergence of massively parallel processing units, parallelization has become a desirable property for new sequence models. The ability to parallelize the processing of sequences with respect to the sequence length during training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Florent De Geeter , Gaspard Lambrechts , Damien Ernst , Guillaume Drion

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are a powerful model for sequential data. End-to-end training methods such as Connectionist Temporal Classification make it possible to train RNNs for sequence labelling problems where the input-output…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2013-03-26 Alex Graves , Abdel-rahman Mohamed , Geoffrey Hinton

A key attribute that drives the unprecedented success of modern Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) on learning tasks which involve sequential data, is their ability to model intricate long-term temporal dependencies. However, a well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Alon Ziv

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are known to be difficult to train due to the gradient vanishing and exploding problems and thus difficult to learn long-term patterns and construct deep networks. To address these problems, this paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-10 Shuai Li , Wanqing Li , Chris Cook , Yanbo Gao

Simple recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and their more advanced cousins LSTMs etc. have been very successful in sequence modeling. Their theoretical understanding, however, is lacking and has not kept pace with the progress for feedforward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Abhishek Panigrahi , Navin Goyal

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and specifically a variant with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), are enjoying renewed interest as a result of successful applications in a wide range of machine learning problems that involve sequential data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-18 Andrej Karpathy , Justin Johnson , Li Fei-Fei

Learning with recurrent neural networks (RNNs) on long sequences is a notoriously difficult task. There are three major challenges: 1) complex dependencies, 2) vanishing and exploding gradients, and 3) efficient parallelization. In this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-03 Shiyu Chang , Yang Zhang , Wei Han , Mo Yu , Xiaoxiao Guo , Wei Tan , Xiaodong Cui , Michael Witbrock , Mark Hasegawa-Johnson , Thomas S. Huang

Recurrent neural network is a powerful model that learns temporal patterns in sequential data. For a long time, it was believed that recurrent networks are difficult to train using simple optimizers, such as stochastic gradient descent, due…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-04-20 Tomas Mikolov , Armand Joulin , Sumit Chopra , Michael Mathieu , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been widely used for processing sequential data. However, RNNs are commonly difficult to train due to the well-known gradient vanishing and exploding problems and hard to learn long-term patterns. Long…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-15 Shuai Li , Wanqing Li , Chris Cook , Ce Zhu , Yanbo Gao

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used to model sequential data but their non-linear dependencies between sequence elements prevent parallelizing training over sequence length. We show the training of RNNs with only linear…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-23 Eric Martin , Chris Cundy

Designing deep neural networks is an art that often involves an expensive search over candidate architectures. To overcome this for recurrent neural nets (RNNs), we establish a connection between the hidden state dynamics in an RNN and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Tan M. Nguyen , Richard G. Baraniuk , Andrea L. Bertozzi , Stanley J. Osher , Bao Wang

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are popular models of brain function. The typical training strategy is to adjust their input-output behavior so that it matches that of the biological circuit of interest. Even though this strategy ensures…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2020-11-09 Alessandro Salatiello , Martin A. Giese

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have been used extensively and with increasing success to model various types of sequential data. Much of this progress has been achieved through devising recurrent units and architectures with the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-03-06 Yacine Jernite , Edouard Grave , Armand Joulin , Tomas Mikolov

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are widely used throughout neuroscience as models of local neural activity. Many properties of single RNNs are well characterized theoretically, but experimental neuroscience has moved in the direction of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Leo Kozachkov , Michaela Ennis , Jean-Jacques Slotine

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are used in state-of-the-art models in domains such as speech recognition, machine translation, and language modelling. Sparsity is a technique to reduce compute and memory requirements of deep learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-09 Sharan Narang , Eric Undersander , Gregory Diamos

Recurrent neural networks are a widely used class of neural architectures. They have, however, two shortcomings. First, it is difficult to understand what exactly they learn. Second, they tend to work poorly on sequences requiring long-term…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-08 Cheng Wang , Mathias Niepert

Reversible Spiking Neural Networks (RevSNNs) enable memory-efficient training by reconstructing forward activations during backpropagation, but suffer from high latency due to strictly sequential computation. To overcome this limitation, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Changqing Xu , Guoqing Sun , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Yintang Yang

Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks (LSTM-RNN) are one of the most powerful dynamic classifiers publicly known. The network itself and the related learning algorithms are reasonably well documented to get an idea how it works.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Ralf C. Staudemeyer , Eric Rothstein Morris

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs), particularly long short-term memory (LSTM), have gained much attention in automatic speech recognition (ASR). Although some successful stories have been reported, training RNNs remains highly challenging,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2016-09-21 Zhiyuan Tang , Dong Wang , Zhiyong Zhang