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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection, crucial for reliable pattern classification, discerns whether a sample originates outside the training distribution. This paper concentrates on the high-dimensional features output by the final…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Qiuyu Zhu , Yiwei He

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models operating in open-world scenarios. Current OOD detectors mainly rely on statistical models to identify unusual patterns in the latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Konstantin Kirchheim , Frank Ortmeier

The safe deployment of machine learning and AI models in open-world settings hinges critically on the ability to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) data accurately, data samples that contrast vastly from what the model was trained with.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Andrija Djurisic , Rosanne Liu , Mladen Nikolic

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for safety-sensitive machine learning applications and has been extensively studied, yielding a plethora of methods developed in the literature. However, most studies for OOD detection did not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Since deep learning models have been implemented in many commercial applications, it is important to detect out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs correctly to maintain the performance of the models, ensure the quality of the collected data, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-10 Qing Yu , Kiyoharu Aizawa

This paper introduces a novel method leveraging bi-encoder-based detectors along with a comprehensive study comparing different out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods in NLP using different feature extractors. The feature extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Louis Owen , Biddwan Ahmed , Abhay Kumar

Deep Neural Networks are actively being used in the design of autonomous Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs). The advantage of these models is their ability to handle high-dimensional state-space and learn compact surrogate representations of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Shreyas Ramakrishna , Zahra Rahiminasab , Gabor Karsai , Arvind Easwaran , Abhishek Dubey

To ensure the reliability of deep models in real-world applications, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection methods aim to distinguish samples close to the training distribution (in-distribution, ID) from those farther away (OOD). In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Barış Zöngür , Robin Hesse , Stefan Roth

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models. Existing methods mostly focus on regular entangled representations to discriminate in-distribution (ID) and OOD data, neglecting the rich…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Boyang Dai , Chaoqi Chen , Yizhou Yu

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to deploy deep learning models in safety-critical applications. However, the inherent hierarchical concept structure of visual data, which is instrumental to OOD detection, is often poorly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Alvaro Gonzalez-Jimenez , Simone Lionetti , Dena Bazazian , Philippe Gottfrois , Fabian Gröger , Marc Pouly , Alexander Navarini

Predictive machine learning models generally excel on in-distribution data, but their performance degrades on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs. Reliable deployment therefore requires robust OOD detection, yet this is particularly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 David Graber , Victor Armegioiu , Rebecca Buller , Siddhartha Mishra

Uncertainty-based deep learning models have attracted a great deal of interest for their ability to provide accurate and reliable predictions. Evidential deep learning stands out achieving remarkable performance in detecting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-07 Eduardo Aguilar , Bogdan Raducanu , Petia Radeva , Joost Van de Weijer

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detectors can act as safety monitors in embedded cyber-physical systems by identifying samples outside a machine learning model's training distribution to prevent potentially unsafe actions. However, OOD detectors…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Aditya Bansal , Michael Yuhas , Arvind Easwaran

Trajectory prediction is central to the safe and seamless operation of autonomous vehicles (AVs). In deployment, however, prediction models inevitably face distribution shifts between training data and real-world conditions, where rare or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Tongfei Guo , Lili Su

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is essential in real-world applications, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. However, most existing OOD detection methods require many labeled In-Distribution (ID) data, causing a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yi-Xuan Sun , Wei Wang

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the reliable deployment of machine learning models in-the-wild, enabling accurate identification of test samples that differ from the training data distribution. Existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Ruisong Han , Zongbo Han , Jiahao Zhang , Mingyue Cheng , Changqing Zhang

Deep learning-based approaches have produced models with good insect classification accuracy; Most of these models are conducive for application in controlled environmental conditions. One of the primary emphasis of researchers is to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Mojdeh Saadati , Aditya Balu , Shivani Chiranjeevi , Talukder Zaki Jubery , Asheesh K Singh , Soumik Sarkar , Arti Singh , Baskar Ganapathysubramanian

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data has become a critical component in ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in the real world. Existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the output or feature space for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Rui Huang , Andrew Geng , Yixuan Li

For reliable deployment of deep-learning systems, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable. In the real world, where test-time inputs often arrive as streaming mixtures of in-distribution (ID) and OOD samples under evolving…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Wooseok Lee , Jin Mo Yang , Saewoong Bahk , Hyung-Sin Kim
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