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Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining visualizes histology but lacks specificity for diagnostic markers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining provides protein-targeted staining but is restricted by tissue availability and antibody…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Anran Liu , Xiaofei Wang , Jing Cai , Chao Li

Breast cancer is a highly fatal disease among cancers in women, and early detection is crucial for treatment. HER2 status, a valuable diagnostic marker based on Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, is instrumental in determining breast…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-04 Linda Wei , Shengyi Hua , Shaoting Zhang , Xiaofan Zhang

In addition to evaluating tumor morphology using H&E staining, immunohistochemistry is used to assess the presence of specific proteins within the tissue. However, this is a costly and labor-intensive technique, for which virtual staining,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-25 José Teixeira , Pascal Klöckner , Diana Montezuma , Melis Erdal Cesur , João Fraga , Hugo M. Horlings , Jaime S. Cardoso , Sara P. Oliveira

Tumor spatial heterogeneity analysis requires precise correlation between Hematoxylin and Eosin H&E morphology and immunohistochemical (IHC) biomarker expression, yet current methods suffer from spatial misalignment in consecutive sections,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yizhe Yuan , Bingsen Xue , Bangzheng Pu , Chengxiang Wang , Cheng Jin

The analysis of FFPE tissue sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential part of the pathologic assessment of surgically resected breast cancer specimens. IHC staining has been broadly…

Deep learning models can generate virtual immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) images, offering a scalable and low-cost alternative to laboratory IHC. However, reliable evaluation of image quality remains a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Tushar Kataria , Shikha Dubey , Mary Bronner , Jolanta Jedrzkiewicz , Ben J. Brintz , Shireen Y. Elhabian , Beatrice S. Knudsen

Virtual stain transfer leverages computer-assisted technology to transform the histochemical staining patterns of tissue samples into other staining types. However, existing methods often lose detailed pathological information due to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Haiyan Wei , Hangrui Xu , Bingxu Zhu , Yulian Geng , Aolei Liu , Wenfei Yin , Jian Liu

The diagnosis of cancer is mainly performed by visual analysis of the pathologists, through examining the morphology of the tissue slices and the spatial arrangement of the cells. If the microscopic image of a specimen is not stained, it…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-02-06 Pegah Salehi , Abdolah Chalechale

Histopathology, particularly hematoxylin and eosin (H\&E) staining, plays a critical role in diagnosing and characterizing pathological conditions by highlighting tissue morphology. However, H\&E-stained images inherently lack molecular…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Qing Wang , Wen-jie Chen , Bo Li , Jing Su , Guangyu Wang , Qianqian Song

Virtual staining offers a promising method for converting Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) images into Immunohistochemical (IHC) images, eliminating the need for costly chemical processes. However, existing methods often struggle to utilize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Sicheng Yang , Zhaohu Xing , Haipeng Zhou , Lei Zhu

We present a self-supervised algorithm for several classification tasks within hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained images of breast cancer. Our method is robust to stain variations inherent to the histology images acquisition process, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Alexandre Tiard , Alex Wong , David Joon Ho , Yangchao Wu , Eliram Nof , Alvin C. Goh , Stefano Soatto , Saad Nadeem

Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining is the cornerstone of histopathology but lacks molecular specificity. While Immunohistochemistry (IHC) provides molecular insights, it is costly and complex, motivating H&E-to-IHC translation as a…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Erik Großkopf , Valay Bundele , Mehran Hosseinzadeh , Hendrik P. A. Lensch

This paper introduces a Virtual Immunohistochemistry Multiplex staining (VIMs) model designed to generate multiple immunohistochemistry (IHC) stains from a single hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained tissue section. IHC stains are crucial in…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-30 Shikha Dubey , Yosep Chong , Beatrice Knudsen , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining enables precise molecular profiling of protein expression, with over 200 clinically available antibody-based tests in modern pathology. However, comprehensive IHC analysis is frequently limited by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Fuqiang Chen , Ranran Zhang , Wanming Hu , Deboch Eyob Abera , Yue Peng , Boyun Zheng , Yiwen Sun , Jing Cai , Wenjian Qin

The field of histology relies heavily on antiquated tissue processing and staining techniques that limit the efficiency of pathologic diagnoses of cancer and other diseases. Current staining and advanced labeling methods are often…

Renal pathology, as the gold standard of kidney disease diagnosis, requires doctors to analyze a series of tissue slices stained by H&E staining and special staining like Masson, PASM, and PAS, respectively. These special staining methods…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-19 Tao Ma , Chao Zhang , Min Lu , Lin Luo

Histopathology relies on the analysis of microscopic tissue images to diagnose disease. A crucial part of tissue preparation is staining whereby a dye is used to make the salient tissue components more distinguishable. However, differences…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-08-03 Haseeb Nazki , Ognjen Arandjelović , InHwa Um , David Harrison

Prostate cancer diagnosis heavily relies on histopathological evaluation, which is subject to variability. While immunohistochemical staining (IHC) assists in distinguishing benign from malignant tissue, it involves increased work, higher…

Large amounts of digitized histopathological data display a promising future for developing pathological foundation models via self-supervised learning methods. Foundation models pretrained with these methods serve as a good basis for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Shengyi Hua , Fang Yan , Tianle Shen , Lei Ma , Xiaofan Zhang

Unsupervised and unpaired domain translation using generative adversarial neural networks, and more precisely CycleGAN, is state of the art for the stain translation of histopathology images. It often, however, suffers from the presence of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Nicolas Brieu , Felix J. Segerer , Ansh Kapil , Philipp Wortmann , Guenter Schmidt