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Quantum state tomography, the ability to deduce the density matrix of a quantum system from measured data, is of fundamental importance for the verification of present and future quantum devices. It has been realized in systems with few…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-22 M. Cramer , M. B. Plenio

Continuous variable encoding of quantum information requires the deterministic generation of highly correlated quantum states of light in the form of quantum networks, which, in turn, necessitates the controlled generation of a large number…

We provide an adaptive learning algorithm for tomography of general quantum states. Our proposal is based on the simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation algorithm and is applicable on mixed qudit states. The salient features of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-14 Ahmad Farooq , Muhammad Asad Ullah , Syahri Ramadhani , Junaid ur Rehman , Hyundong Shin

A prerequisite to the successful development of quantum computers and simulators is precise understanding of physical processes occurring therein, which can be achieved by measuring the quantum states they produce. However, the resources…

We demonstrate that it is possible to use the balanced homodyning with array detectors to measure the quantum state of correlated two-mode signal field. We show the applicability of the method to fields with complex mode functions, thus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 S. Sivakumar , G. S. Agarwal

Suppose you receive a sequence of qubits where each qubit is guaranteed to be in one of two pure states, but you do not know what those states are. Your task is to determine the states. This can be viewed as a kind of quantum state learning…

Reconstructing the state of a complex quantum system represents a pivotal task for all quantum information applications, both for characterization purposes and for verification of quantum protocols. Recent technological developments have…

We develop a scheme for time-frequency encoded continuous-variable cluster-state quantum computing using quantum memories. In particular, we propose a method to produce, manipulate and measure 2D cluster states in a single spatial mode by…

Every quantum state can be represented as a probability distribution over the outcomes of an informationally complete measurement. But not all probability distributions correspond to quantum states. Quantum state space may thus be thought…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-02-14 D. M. Appleby , Asa Ericsson , Christopher A. Fuchs

We present a scheme to conditionally engineer an optical quantum system via continuous-variable measurements. This scheme yields high-fidelity squeezed single photon and superposition of coherent states, from input single and two photon…

Recent results have established dramatic advantages in learning properties of quantum states when a quantum computer is available to process or jointly measure multiple copies of the unknown quantum state. Learning tasks can be accomplished…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Spencer Dimitroff , John Kallaugher , Ashe Miller , Mohan Sarovar

It is widely accepted that the selection of measurement bases can affect the efficiency of quantum state estimation methods, precision of estimating an unknown state can be improved significantly by simply introduce a set of symmetrical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-01-31 Chi Zhang , Guo-Yong Xiang , Yong-Sheng Zhang , Chuan-Feng Li , Guang-Can Guo

Quantum theory has the property of "local tomography": the state of any composite system can be reconstructed from the statistics of measurements on the individual components. In this respect the holism of quantum theory is limited. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-19 Lucien Hardy , William K. Wootters

We present two results which combined enable one to reliably detect multimode, multipartite entanglement in the presence of measurement errors. The first result leads to a method to compute the best (approximated) physical covariance matrix…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-05 E. Shchukin , P. van Loock

Extracting information from quantum devices has long been a crucial problem in the field of quantum mechanics. By performing elaborate measurements, quantum state tomography, an important and fundamental tool in quantum science and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-24 Yu Wang , Keren Li

The identification of nonclassical features of multiphoton quantum states represents a task of the utmost importance in the development of many quantum photonic technologies. Under realistic experimental conditions, a photonic quantum state…

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the gold standard technique for obtaining an estimate for the state of small quantum systems in the laboratory. Its application to systems with more than a few constituents (e.g. particles) soon becomes…

Quantum computing is a growing field where the information is processed by two-levels quantum states known as qubits. Current physical realizations of qubits require a careful calibration, composed by different experiments, due to noise and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-15 Edoardo Pedicillo , Andrea Pasquale , Stefano Carrazza

Measurements with randomly chosen settings determine many important properties of quantum states without the need for a shared reference frame or calibration. They naturally emerge in the context of quantum communication and quantum…

A long-standing problem in quantum physics is to determine the minimal number of measurement bases required for the complete characterization of unknown quantum states, a question of particular relevance to high-dimensional quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Tianqi Xiao , Yaxin Wang , Ying Xia , Zhihao Li , Xiaoqi Zhou