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Quantum computing devices are inevitably subject to errors. To leverage quantum technologies for computational benefits in practical applications, quantum algorithms and protocols must be implemented reliably under noise and imperfections.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-18 Jihye Kim , Byungdu Oh , Yonuk Chong , Euyheon Hwang , Daniel K. Park

Despite rapid advances in quantum hardware, noise remains a central obstacle to deploying quantum algorithms on near-term devices. In particular, random coherent errors that accumulate during circuit execution constitute a dominant and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Suying Liu , Yulong Dong , Dong An , Murphy Yuezhen Niu

As quantum computing advances towards practical applications, reducing errors remains a crucial frontier for developing near-term devices. Errors in the quantum gates and quantum state readout could result in noisy circuits, which would…

The potential of quantum computers to outperform classical ones in practically useful tasks remains challenging in the near term due to scaling limitations and high error rates of current quantum hardware. While quantum error correction…

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) provides a practical route for estimating reliable observables on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. Traditional QEM strategies, including zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) and Clifford data…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-21 Huaxin Wang , Xinge Wu , Jiajun Liu , Ruiqing He , Jiandong Shang , Hengliang Guo , Qiang Chen

One of the major challenges for erroneous quantum computers is undoubtedly the control over the effect of noise. Considering the rapid growth of available quantum resources that are not fully fault-tolerant, it is crucial to develop…

One of the greatest challenges for current quantum computing hardware is how to obtain reliable results from noisy devices. A recent paper [A. Kandala et al., Nature 567, 491 (2019)] described a method for injecting noise by stretching gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-22 Sam Tomkins , Rogério de Sousa

Recent experimental breakthroughs have signalled the imminent arrival of the early fault-tolerant era. However, for a considerable period in the foreseeable future, relying solely on quantum error correction for full error suppression will…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-18 Kecheng Liu , Zhenyu Cai

Noise in quantum hardware is the primary obstacle to realizing the transformative potential of quantum computing. Quantum error mitigation (QEM) offers a promising pathway to enhance computational accuracy on near-term devices, yet existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-16 Zhenyu Chen , Bin Cheng , Minbo Gao , Xiaodie Lin , Ruiqi Zhang , Zhaohui Wei , Zhengfeng Ji

The readout error on near-term quantum devices is one of the dominant noise factors, which can be mitigated by classical postprocessing called quantum readout error mitigation (QREM). The standard QREM applies the inverse of noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-16 Bo Yang , Rudy Raymond , Shumpei Uno

Current quantum computers suffer from non-stationary noise channels with high error rates, which undermines their reliability and reproducibility. We propose a Bayesian inference-based adaptive algorithm that can learn and mitigate quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-30 Samudra Dasgupta , Arshag Danageozian , Travis S. Humble

Quantum technologies work by utilizing properties inherent in quantum systems such as quantum coherence and quantum entanglement and are expected to be superior to classical counterparts for solving certain problems in science and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-10 Yusuke Hama , Hirofumi Nishi

The detrimental effect of noise accumulates as quantum computers grow in size. In the case where devices are too small or noisy to perform error correction, error mitigation may be used. Error mitigation does not increase the fidelity of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-19 Cristina Cirstoiu , Silas Dilkes , Daniel Mills , Seyon Sivarajah , Ross Duncan

Correcting errors due to noise in quantum circuits run on current and near-term quantum hardware is essential for any convincing demonstration of quantum advantage. Indeed, in many cases it has been shown that noise renders quantum circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-08 Rawad Mezher , James Mills , Elham Kashefi

Quantum computers progress toward outperforming classical supercomputers, but quantum errors remain their primary obstacle. The key to overcoming errors on near-term devices has emerged through the field of quantum error mitigation,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Haoran Liao , Derek S. Wang , Iskandar Sitdikov , Ciro Salcedo , Alireza Seif , Zlatko K. Minev

Quantum error mitigation (QEM) is typically viewed as a suite of practical techniques for today's noisy intermediate-scale quantum devices, with limited relevance once fault-tolerant quantum computers become available. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-11 Zeyuan Zhou , Shaun Pexton , Aleksander Kubica , Yongshan Ding

Quantum Error Mitigation (EM) is a collection of strategies to reduce errors on noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices on which proper quantum error correction is not feasible. One of such strategies aimed at mitigating noise…

We present adaptive measurement techniques tailored for variational quantum algorithms on near-term small and noisy devices. In particular, we generalise earlier "learning to measure" strategies in two ways. First, by considering a class of…

Quantum sensing is an emerging field with the potential to outperform classical methods in both precision and spatial resolution. However, the sensitivity of the underlying quantum platform also makes the sensors highly susceptible to their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Miriam Resch , Dennis Herb , Mirko Rossini , Joachim Ankerhold , Dominik Maile

A major obstacle towards realizing a practical quantum computer is the noise that arises due to system-environment interactions. While it is very well known that quantum error correction (QEC) provides a way to protect against errors that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Akshaya Jayashankar