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Masked image modeling (MIM) performs strongly in pre-training large vision Transformers (ViTs). However, small models that are critical for real-world applications cannot or only marginally benefit from this pre-training approach. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Sucheng Ren , Fangyun Wei , Zheng Zhang , Han Hu

Vision Transformers (ViTs) have demonstrated strong potential in medical imaging; however, their high computational demands and tendency to overfit on small datasets limit their applicability in real-world clinical scenarios. In this paper,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Aon Safdar , Mohamed Saadeldin

Masked Image Modeling (MIM) has emerged as a promising method for deriving visual representations from unlabeled image data by predicting missing pixels from masked portions of images. It excels in region-aware learning and provides strong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Yibing Wei , Abhinav Gupta , Pedro Morgado

We present an efficient approach for Masked Image Modeling (MIM) with hierarchical Vision Transformers (ViTs), allowing the hierarchical ViTs to discard masked patches and operate only on the visible ones. Our approach consists of three key…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Lang Huang , Shan You , Mingkai Zheng , Fei Wang , Chen Qian , Toshihiko Yamasaki

Contrastive pre-training on image-text pairs, exemplified by CLIP, becomes a standard technique for learning multi-modal visual-language representations. Although CLIP has demonstrated remarkable performance, training it from scratch on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jihao Liu , Jinliang Zheng , Boxiao Liu , Yu Liu , Hongsheng Li

Deep supervision, which involves extra supervisions to the intermediate features of a neural network, was widely used in image classification in the early deep learning era since it significantly reduces the training difficulty and eases…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Sucheng Ren , Fangyun Wei , Samuel Albanie , Zheng Zhang , Han Hu

The success of language Transformers is primarily attributed to the pretext task of masked language modeling (MLM), where texts are first tokenized into semantically meaningful pieces. In this work, we study masked image modeling (MIM) and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-28 Jinghao Zhou , Chen Wei , Huiyu Wang , Wei Shen , Cihang Xie , Alan Yuille , Tao Kong

Masked Image Modeling (MIM) has recently been established as a potent pre-training paradigm. A pretext task is constructed by masking patches in an input image, and this masked content is then predicted by a neural network using visible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Philippe Weinzaepfel , Vincent Leroy , Thomas Lucas , Romain Brégier , Yohann Cabon , Vaibhav Arora , Leonid Antsfeld , Boris Chidlovskii , Gabriela Csurka , Jérôme Revaud

Image BERT pre-training with masked image modeling (MIM) becomes a popular practice to cope with self-supervised representation learning. A seminal work, BEiT, casts MIM as a classification task with a visual vocabulary, tokenizing the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-29 Xiaotong Li , Yixiao Ge , Kun Yi , Zixuan Hu , Ying Shan , Ling-Yu Duan

Masked Image Modeling (MIM) has garnered significant attention in self-supervised learning, thanks to its impressive capacity to learn scalable visual representations tailored for downstream tasks. However, images inherently contain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Wenzhao Xiang , Chang Liu , Hongyang Yu , Xilin Chen

Masked Image Modeling (MIM) is a self-supervised learning technique that involves masking portions of an image, such as pixels, patches, or latent representations, and training models to predict the missing information using the visible…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Shabnam Choudhury , Akhil Vasim , Michael Schmitt , Biplab Banerjee

Masked image modeling (MIM) has become a leading self-supervised learning strategy. MIMs such as Masked Autoencoder (MAE) learn strong representations by randomly masking input tokens for the encoder to process, with the decoder…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Taekyung Kim , Sanghyuk Chun , Byeongho Heo , Dongyoon Han

To make sense of their surroundings, intelligent systems must transform complex sensory inputs to structured codes that are reduced to task-relevant information such as object category. Biological agents achieve this in a largely autonomous…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Robin Weiler , Matthias Brucklacher , Cyriel M. A. Pennartz , Sander M. Bohté

Masked image modelling (MIM) is a powerful self-supervised representation learning paradigm, whose potential has not been widely demonstrated in medical image analysis. In this work, we show the capacity of MIM to capture rich semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Piotr Wójcik , Hussein Naji , Adrian Simon , Reinhard Büttner , Katarzyna Bożek

There has been significant progress in Masked Image Modeling (MIM). Existing MIM methods can be broadly categorized into two groups based on the reconstruction target: pixel-based and tokenizer-based approaches. The former offers a simpler…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Yuan Liu , Songyang Zhang , Jiacheng Chen , Zhaohui Yu , Kai Chen , Dahua Lin

Vision Transformer (ViT) architectures traditionally employ a grid-based approach to tokenization independent of the semantic content of an image. We propose a modular superpixel tokenization strategy which decouples tokenization and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Marius Aasan , Odd Kolbjørnsen , Anne Schistad Solberg , Adín Ramirez Rivera

In the realm of self-supervised learning (SSL), masked image modeling (MIM) has gained popularity alongside contrastive learning methods. MIM involves reconstructing masked regions of input images using their unmasked portions. A notable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Tianqi Du , Yifei Wang , Yisen Wang

This paper explores improvements to the masked image modeling (MIM) paradigm. The MIM paradigm enables the model to learn the main object features of the image by masking the input image and predicting the masked part by the unmasked part.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Jiawei Mao , Xuesong Yin , Yuanqi Chang , Honggu Zhou

Like masked language modeling (MLM) in natural language processing, masked image modeling (MIM) aims to extract valuable insights from image patches to enhance the feature extraction capabilities of the underlying deep neural network (DNN).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Yixuan Luo , Mengye Ren , Sai Qian Zhang

In this work, we survey recent studies on masked image modeling (MIM), an approach that emerged as a powerful self-supervised learning technique in computer vision. The MIM task involves masking some information, e.g. pixels, patches, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Vlad Hondru , Florinel Alin Croitoru , Shervin Minaee , Radu Tudor Ionescu , Nicu Sebe