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This study proposes a credit card fraud detection method based on Heterogeneous Graph Neural Network (HGNN) to address fraud in complex transaction networks. Unlike traditional machine learning methods that rely solely on numerical features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Qiuwu Sha , Tengda Tang , Xinyu Du , Jie Liu , Yixian Wang , Yuan Sheng

The inherent determinism of blockchain technology poses a significant challenge to generating secure random numbers within smart contracts, leading to exploitable vulnerabilities, particularly in decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystems and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hadis Rezaei , Ahmed Afif Monrat , Karl Andersson , Francesco Flammini

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They are immutable and cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. Therefore, ensuring smart contracts are bug-free and well-designed before deploying them to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Jiachi Chen , Xin Xia , David Lo , John Grundy , Xiapu Luo , Ting Chen

With the advance application of blockchain technology in various fields, ensuring the security and stability of smart contracts has emerged as a critical challenge. Current security analysis methodologies in vulnerability detection can be…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Chenyang Peng , Haijun Wang , Yin Wu , Hao Wu , Ming Fan , Yitao Zhao , Ting Liu

With the ever-increasing popularity of blockchain applications, securing blockchain networks plays a critical role in these cyber systems. In this paper, we first study cyberattacks (e.g., flooding of transactions, brute pass) in blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Tran Viet Khoa , Do Hai Son , Dinh Thai Hoang , Nguyen Linh Trung , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Diep N. Nguyen , Nguyen Viet Ha , Eryk Dutkiewicz

This study explores the effectiveness of graph neural networks (GNNs) for vulnerability detection in software code, utilizing a real-world dataset of Java vulnerability-fixing commits. The dataset's structure, based on the number of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ravil Mussabayev

Learning heterogeneous graphs consisting of different types of nodes and edges enhances the results of homogeneous graph techniques. An interesting example of such graphs is control-flow graphs representing possible software code execution…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Hoang H. Nguyen , Nhat-Minh Nguyen , Chunyao Xie , Zahra Ahmadi , Daniel Kudendo , Thanh-Nam Doan , Lingxiao Jiang

Smart contracts are Turing-complete programs running on the blockchain. They cannot be modified, even when bugs are detected. The Selfdestruct function is the only way to destroy a contract on the blockchain system and transfer all the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Jiachi Chen

Smart contracts are fundamental components of blockchain ecosystems; however, their security remains a critical concern due to inherent vulnerabilities. While existing detection methodologies are predominantly syntax-oriented, targeting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Ali Fattahdizaji , Mohammad Pishdar , Zarina Shukur

Ethereum smart contracts are highly powerful, immutable, and able to retain massive amounts of tokens. However, smart contracts keep attracting attackers to benefit from smart contract flaws and Ethereum unexpected behavior. Thus,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Wejdene Haouari , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid , Marios Fokaefs

Although Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have shown promise for smart contract vulnerability detection, they still face significant limitations. Homogeneous graph models fail to capture the interplay between control flow and data dependencies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Tran Duong Minh Dai , Triet Huynh Minh Le , M. Ali Babar , Van-Hau Pham , Phan The Duy

The rise of decentralized applications (dApps) has made smart contracts imperative components of blockchain technology. As many smart contracts process financial transactions, their security is paramount. Moreover, the immutability of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Khalid Hassan , Saeed Moradi , Shaiful Chowdhury , Sara Rouhani

Blockchain technology (BT) Ethereum Smart Contracts allows programmable transactions that involve the transfer of monetary assets among peers on a BT network independent of a central authorizing agency. Ethereum Smart Contracts are programs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-21 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

Context: Smart contracts are computer programs that are automatically executed on the blockchain. Vulnerabilities in their implementation have led to severe loss of cryptocurrency. Smart contracts become immutable when deployed to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Majd Soud , Grischa Liebel , Mohammad Hamdaqa

With the rise in using immature smart contract programming languages to build a decentralized application, more vulnerabilities have been introduced to the Blockchain and were the main reasons behind critical financial losses. Moreover, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Oualid Zaazaa , Hanan El Bakkali

Blockchain technology has experienced rapid growth and has been widely adopted across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and energy. However, blockchain platforms remain vulnerable to a broad range of cyberattacks, particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Do Hai Son , Le Vu Hieu , Tran Viet Khoa , Yibeltal F. Alem , Hoang Trong Minh , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Nguyen Viet Ha , Nguyen Linh Trung

A smart contract is a digital program of transaction protocol (rules of contract) based on the consensus architecture of blockchain. Smart contracts with Blockchain are modern technologies that have gained enormous attention in scientific…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-02-17 Norah M. Alshahrani , M. L. Mat Kiah , B. B. Zaidan , A. H. Alamoodi , Abdu Saif

As a blockchain platform that has developed vigorously in recent years, Ethereum is different from Bitcoin in that it introduces smart contracts into blockchain.Solidity is one of the most mature and widely used smart contract programming…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Pengcheng Zhang , Feng Xiao , Xiapu Luo

Ethereum smart contracts are automated decentralized applications on the blockchain that describe the terms of the agreement between buyers and sellers, reducing the need for trusted intermediaries and arbitration. However, the deployment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Oliver Lutz , Huili Chen , Hossein Fereidooni , Christoph Sendner , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Ahmad Reza Sadeghi , Farinaz Koushanfar

Due to the inherent immutability of blockchain technology, smart contract updates require their deployment at new addresses rather than modifying existing ones, thus fragmenting version histories and creating critical blind spots for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Fatou Ndiaye Mbodji , Vinny Adjibi , Moustapha Awwalou Diouf , Gervais Mendy , Kui Liu , Jacques Klein , Tegawende Bissyande