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Federated learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning paradigm enabling multiple clients to train a model collaboratively without exposing their local data. Among FL schemes, clustering is an effective technique addressing the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yunan Wei , Shengnan Zhao , Chuan Zhao , Zhe Liu , Zhenxiang Chen , Minghao Zhao

We propose a novel hierarchical Bayesian approach to Federated Learning (FL), where our model reasonably describes the generative process of clients' local data via hierarchical Bayesian modeling: constituting random variables of local…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Minyoung Kim , Timothy Hospedales

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm that enables multiple clients to learn a powerful global model by aggregating local training. However, the performance of the global model is often hampered by non-i.i.d.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Chun-Mei Feng , Kai Yu , Nian Liu , Xinxing Xu , Salman Khan , Wangmeng Zuo

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed machine learning strategy, developed for settings where training data is owned by distributed devices and cannot be shared. FL circumvents this constraint by carrying out model training in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Maria Hartmann , Grégoire Danoy , Pascal Bouvry

Federated learning (FL) is a new paradigm for distributed machine learning that allows a global model to be trained across multiple clients without compromising their privacy. Although FL has demonstrated remarkable success in various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Haolin Wang , Xuefeng Liu , Jianwei Niu , Shaojie Tang , Jiaxing Shen

Federated Learning (FL) is a privacy-preserving machine learning framework facilitating collaborative training across distributed clients. However, its performance is often compromised by data heterogeneity among participants, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Ziru Niu , Hai Dong , A. K. Qin

Knowledge sharing and model personalization are essential components to tackle the non-IID challenge in federated learning (FL). Most existing FL methods focus on two extremes: 1) to learn a shared model to serve all clients with non-IID…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Jie Ma , Guodong Long , Tianyi Zhou , Jing Jiang , Chengqi Zhang

Federated learning (FL) is a decentralized and privacy-preserving machine learning technique in which a group of clients collaborate with a server to learn a global model without sharing clients' data. One challenge associated with FL is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-27 Canh T. Dinh , Nguyen H. Tran , Tuan Dung Nguyen

Federated Learning (FL) is currently the most widely adopted framework for collaborative training of (deep) machine learning models under privacy constraints. Albeit it's popularity, it has been observed that Federated Learning yields…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Felix Sattler , Klaus-Robert Müller , Wojciech Samek

Federated learning (FL) enables collaboratively training deep learning models on decentralized data. However, there are three types of heterogeneities in FL setting bringing about distinctive challenges to the canonical federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-18 Tao Shen , Jie Zhang , Xinkang Jia , Fengda Zhang , Gang Huang , Pan Zhou , Kun Kuang , Fei Wu , Chao Wu

As a privacy-preserving collaborative machine learning paradigm, federated learning (FL) has attracted significant interest from academia and the industry alike. To allow each data owner (a.k.a., FL clients) to train a heterogeneous and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Liping Yi , Han Yu , Gang Wang , Xiaoguang Liu

Classical federated learning (FL) enables training machine learning models without sharing data for privacy preservation, but heterogeneous data characteristic degrades the performance of the localized model. Personalized FL (PFL) addresses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Mingjia Shi , Yuhao Zhou , Kai Wang , Huaizheng Zhang , Shudong Huang , Qing Ye , Jiangcheng Lv

Federated Learning (FL) facilitates collaborative model training across decentralized clients while preserving data privacy by avoiding raw data exchange. Despite its potential, FL performance is often compromised by data heterogeneity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Qijun Hou , Yuchen Shi , Pingyi Fan , Khaled B. Letaief

Federated Learning (FL) emerged as a decentralized paradigm to train models while preserving privacy. However, conventional FL struggles with data heterogeneity and class imbalance, which degrade model performance. Clustered FL balances…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Alessandro Licciardi , Davide Leo , Eros Fanì , Barbara Caputo , Marco Ciccone

Standard federated learning approaches suffer when client data distributions have sufficient heterogeneity. Recent methods addressed the client data heterogeneity issue via personalized federated learning (PFL) - a class of FL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Rishub Tamirisa , Chulin Xie , Wenxuan Bao , Andy Zhou , Ron Arel , Aviv Shamsian

Federated Learning (FL) trains deep models across edge devices without centralizing raw data, preserving user privacy. However, client heterogeneity slows down convergence and limits global model accuracy. Clustered FL (CFL) mitigates this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Minghao Li , Dmitrii Avdiukhin , Rana Shahout , Nikita Ivkin , Vladimir Braverman , Minlan Yu

Federated Learning (FL) is a promising framework for performing privacy-preserving, distributed learning with a set of clients. However, the data distribution among clients often exhibits non-IID, i.e., distribution shift, which makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Zhe Qu , Xingyu Li , Rui Duan , Yao Liu , Bo Tang , Zhuo Lu

Federated learning has emerged as a paradigm to train models collaboratively on inherently distributed client data while safeguarding privacy. In this context, personalized federated learning tackles the challenge of data heterogeneity by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Peng Hu , Jianwei Ma

In Federated Learning, heterogeneity in client data distributions often means that a single global model does not have the best performance for individual clients. Consider for example training a next-word prediction model for keyboards:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Ljubomir Rokvic , Panayiotis Danassis , Boi Faltings

The future of machine learning lies in moving data collection along with training to the edge. Federated Learning, for short FL, has been recently proposed to achieve this goal. The principle of this approach is to aggregate models learned…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Adnan Ben Mansour , Gaia Carenini , Alexandre Duplessis