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Quantum communication relies on the existence of entanglement between two nodes of a network. However, due to its fragile nature, it is nearly impossible to establish entanglement at large distances through the direct transmission of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-18 Sowmitra Das , Md. Saifur Rahman , Mahbub Majumdar

Quantum repeaters and satellite-based optical links are complementary technological approaches to overcome the exponential photon loss in optical fibers and thus allow quantum communication on a global scale. We analyze architectures which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-20 Jaspar Meister , Philipp Kleinpaß , Davide Orsucci

Satellite-based quantum communication channels are important for ultra-long distances. Given the short duration of a satellite pass, it can be challenging to efficiently connect multiple users of a city-wide network while the satellite is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Stéphane Vinet , Ramy Tannous , Thomas Jennewein

The communication distance of QKD is limited by exponential attenuation of photons propagating through optical fibers. However, it has been shown that introducing a quantum repeater can improve the order of the attenuation and is useful for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Kenichiro Furuta , Hirofumi Muratani , Taichi Isogai , Tomoko Yonemura

In satellite-based quantum key distribution (QKD), the number of secret bits that can be generated in a single satellite pass over the ground station is severely restricted by the pass duration and the free-space optical channel loss. High…

Until quantum repeaters become mature, quantum networks remain restricted either to limited areas of directly connected nodes or to nodes connected to a common node. We circumvent this limitation by conceiving quantum networks using secure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-21 Gui-Lu Long , Dong Pan , Yu-Bo Sheng , Qikun Xue , Jianhua Lu , Lajos Hanzo

With the emergence of the Quantum Internet, the need for advanced quantum networking techniques has significantly risen. Various models of quantum repeaters have been presented, each delineating a unique strategy to ensure quantum…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Zebo Yang , Ali Ghubaish , Raj Jain , Hassan Shapourian , Alireza Shabani

We design a quantum repeater architecture, necessary for long distance quantum networks, using the recently proposed microwave cat state qubits, formed and manipulated via interaction between a superconducting nonlinear element and a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-08-13 Sourabh Kumar , Nikolai Lauk , Christoph Simon

Quantum repeaters are indispensable tools for long-distance quantum communication. However, frequency matching between entangled photon sources and remote quantum memories (QMs) is difficult, which is an obstacle to the implementation of…

Experimental deployment of quantum communication over Earth-satellite channels opens the way to a secure global quantum Internet. In this work, we present results from a real-time prototype quantum key distribution (QKD) system, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Anju Rani , Xiaoyu Ai , Aman Gupta , Ravi Singh Adhikari , Robert Malaney

Quantum channels enable the implementation of communication tasks inaccessible to their classical counterparts. The most famous example is the distribution of secret key. However, in the absence of quantum repeaters, the rate at which these…

Long-distance quantum communication requires reliable entanglement distribution, but direct generation with protocols such as Barrett--Kok suffers from exponentially decreasing success probability with distance, making it impractical over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Wenhan Li , Shiyu Zhang

Quantum networks, capable of transmitting arbitrary quantum states, provide a foundation for a wide range of quantum applications, including distributed quantum computing, distributed quantum sensing, and quantum communication. Photons are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-28 Tian-Xiang Zhu , Xiao Liu , Zong-Quan Zhou , Chuan-Feng Li

Remote quantum entanglement can enable numerous applications including distributed quantum computation, secure communication, and precision sensing. In this paper, we consider how a quantum network-nodes equipped with limited quantum…

Quantum repeaters represent one possible way to achieve long-distance quantum key distribution. Collins et al. in [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 060502 (2007)] proposed multiplexing as method to increase the repeater rate and to decrease the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-08 Silvestre Abruzzo , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Quantum key distribution (QKD) network has recently attracted growing attentions. Due to the special characteristics of quantum information, to build a full-connectivity QKD network without trusted relays is a stimulating challenge. In this…

Quantum repeaters have been proposed as a way of extending the reach of quantum communication. First generation approaches use entanglement swapping to connect entangled links along a long distance channel. Recently, there have been…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-30 Josephine Dias , Matthew S. Winnel , Nedasadat Hosseinidehaj , Timothy C. Ralph

A quantum internet is the holy grail of quantum information processing, enabling the deployment of a broad range of quantum technologies and protocols on a global scale. However, numerous challenges exist before the quantum internet can…

The field of quantum communications promises the faithful distribution of quantum information, quantum entanglement, and absolutely secret keys. However, the highest rates of these tasks are fundamentally limited by the transmission…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-16 Matthew Winnel

A full-fledged quantum network relies on the formation of entangled links between remote location with the help of quantum repeaters. The famous Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller quantum repeater protocol is based on long distance single-photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Chen-Long Li. Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen