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LiDAR-based perception is critical for autonomous driving due to its robustness to poor lighting and visibility conditions. Yet, current models operate under the closed-set assumption and often fail to recognize unexpected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zizhao Li , Zhengkang Xiang , Jiayang Ao , Feng Liu , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Machine learning models, while progressively advanced, rely heavily on the IID assumption, which is often unfulfilled in practice due to inevitable distribution shifts. This renders them susceptible and untrustworthy for deployment in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Han Yu , Jiashuo Liu , Xingxuan Zhang , Jiayun Wu , Peng Cui

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for building reliable AI systems, as models that produce outputs for invalid inputs cannot be trusted. Although deep learning (DL) is often assumed to outperform traditional machine learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jihyeon Baek , Seunghoon Lee , Gitaek Kwon , Doohyun Park

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for machine learning models deployed in the open world. Recently, the use of an auxiliary outlier dataset during training (also known as outlier exposure) has shown promising performance.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Yifei Ming , Ying Fan , Yixuan Li

While Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has been well explored in computer vision, there have been relatively few prior attempts in OOD detection for NLP classification. In this paper we argue that these prior attempts do not fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Mrinal Rawat , Ramya Hebbalaguppe , Lovekesh Vig

Recent studies have addressed the concern of detecting and rejecting the out-of-distribution (OOD) samples as a major challenge in the safe deployment of deep learning (DL) models. It is desired that the DL model should only be confident…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Umar Khalid , Ashkan Esmaeili , Nazmul Karim , Nazanin Rahnavard

Since the seminal paper of Hendrycks et al. arXiv:1610.02136, Post-hoc deep Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection has expanded rapidly. As a result, practitioners working on safety-critical applications and seeking to improve the robustness…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-11 Paul Novello , Yannick Prudent , Joseba Dalmau , Corentin Friedrich , Yann Pequignot

Most classification and segmentation datasets assume a closed-world scenario in which predictions are expressed as distribution over a predetermined set of visual classes. However, such assumption implies unavoidable and often unnoticeable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Petra Bevandić , Ivan Krešo , Marin Oršić , Siniša Šegvić

Being able to successfully determine whether the testing samples has similar distribution as the training samples is a fundamental question to address before we can safely deploy most of the machine learning models into practice. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Zhaiming Shen , Menglun Wang , Guang Cheng , Ming-Jun Lai , Lin Mu , Ruihao Huang , Qi Liu , Hao Zhu

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is crucial for ensuring the safe deployment of machine learning models in real-world applications. However, existing OOD detection approaches primarily rely on the feature maps or the full gradient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Sima Behpour , Thang Doan , Xin Li , Wenbin He , Liang Gou , Liu Ren

Out-of-distribution (OOD) data poses serious challenges in deployed machine learning models, so methods of predicting a model's performance on OOD data without labels are important for machine learning safety. While a number of methods have…

The reliability of artificial intelligence (AI) systems in open-world settings depends heavily on their ability to flag out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs unseen during training. Recent advances in large-scale vision-language models (VLMs)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

Most of the existing Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection algorithms depend on single input source: the feature, the logit, or the softmax probability. However, the immense diversity of the OOD examples makes such methods fragile. There are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Haoqi Wang , Zhizhong Li , Litong Feng , Wayne Zhang

Deep generative models have been demonstrated as problematic in the unsupervised out-of-distribution (OOD) detection task, where they tend to assign higher likelihoods to OOD samples. Previous studies on this issue are usually not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Zezhen Zeng , Bin Liu

Detecting test-time distribution shift has emerged as a key capability for safely deployed machine learning models, with the question being tackled under various guises in recent years. In this paper, we aim to provide a consolidated view…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-02 Hongjun Wang , Sagar Vaze , Kai Han

Unsupervised continual learning aims to learn new tasks incrementally without requiring human annotations. However, most existing methods, especially those targeted on image classification, only work in a simplified scenario by assuming all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Jiangpeng He , Fengqing Zhu

The optimal prediction strategy for out-of-distribution (OOD) setups is a fundamental question in machine learning. In this paper, we address this question and present several contributions. We propose three reject option models for OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Vojtech Franc , Daniel Prusa , Jakub Paplham

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is a fundamental challenge in the deployment of machine learning models. From a security standpoint, this is particularly important because OOD test data can result in misleadingly confident yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Onat Gungor , Amanda Sofie Rios , Nilesh Ahuja , Tajana Rosing

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning often relies heavily on statistical approaches or predefined assumptions about OOD data distributions, hindering their efficacy in addressing multifaceted challenges of OOD generalization and OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Haoyue Bai , Xuefeng Du , Katie Rainey , Shibin Parameswaran , Yixuan Li