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Related papers: SoK: Content Moderation for End-to-End Encryption

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In this paper, we assess existing technical proposals for content moderation in End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) services. First, we explain the various tools in the content moderation toolbox, how they are used, and the different phases of the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Seny Kamara , Mallory Knodel , Emma Llansó , Greg Nojeim , Lucy Qin , Dhanaraj Thakur , Caitlin Vogus

This paper aims to survey various techniques utilized for content moderation in end-to-end encryption systems. We assess the challenging aspect of content moderation: maintaining a safe platform while assuring user privacy. We study the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-31 Chaitanya Rahalkar , Anushka Virgaonkar

The content host services (like Dropbox, OneDrive, and Google Drive) used by enterprise customers are deployed either on premise or in cloud. Because users may store business-sensitive data (contents) in these hosting services, they may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-06-03 Chaoting Xuan

User reporting is an essential component of content moderation on many online platforms -- in particular, on end-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging platforms where platform operators cannot proactively inspect message contents. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Leijie Wang , Ruotong Wang , Sterling Williams-Ceci , Sanketh Menda , Amy X. Zhang

The advent of end-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging and backup services has brought new challenges for usable authentication. Compared to regular web services, the nature of E2EE implies that the provider cannot recover data for users who…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Jenny Blessing , Daniel Hugenroth , Ross J. Anderson , Alastair R. Beresford

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) has emerged as a fundamental element of modern digital communication, protecting data from unauthorized access during transmission. By design, E2EE ensures that only the intended recipient can decrypt the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Hamish Alsop , Leandros Maglaras , Helge Janicke , Iqbal H. Sarker , Mohamed Amine Ferrag

End-to-end encryption (E2EE) has become the gold standard for securing communications, bringing strong confidentiality and privacy guarantees to billions of users worldwide. However, the current push towards widespread integration of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Mallory Knodel , Andrés Fábrega , Daniella Ferrari , Jacob Leiken , Betty Li Hou , Derek Yen , Sam de Alfaro , Kyunghyun Cho , Sunoo Park

Social media platforms have been establishing content moderation guidelines and employing various moderation policies to counter hate speech and misinformation. The goal of this paper is to study these community guidelines and moderation…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Mohit Singhal , Chen Ling , Pujan Paudel , Poojitha Thota , Nihal Kumarswamy , Gianluca Stringhini , Shirin Nilizadeh

In the era of social media and messaging applications, people are becoming increasingly aware of data privacy issues associated with such apps. Major messaging applications are moving towards end-to-end encryption (E2EE) to give their users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-02 Raman Singh , Ark Nandan Singh Chauhan , Hitesh Tewari

The increasing harms caused by hate, harassment, and other forms of abuse online have motivated major platforms to explore hierarchical governance. The idea is to allow communities to have designated members take on moderation and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Armin Namavari , Barry Wang , Sanketh Menda , Ben Nassi , Nirvan Tyagi , James Grimmelmann , Amy Zhang , Thomas Ristenpart

Message franking is an indispensable abuse mitigation tool for end-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging platforms. With it, users who receive harmful content can securely report that content to platform moderators. However, while real-world…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Armin Namavari , Thomas Ristenpart

Billions of secure messaging users have adopted end-to-end encryption (E2EE). Nevertheless, challenges remain. Most communication applications do not provide E2EE, and application silos prevent interoperability. Our qualitative analysis of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Tarun Yadav , Austin Cook , Justin Hales , Kent Seamons

End-to-End Encryption (E2EE) aims to make all messages impossible to read by anyone except you and your intended recipient(s). Many well-known and widely used Instant-Messaging (IM) applications (such as Signal, WhatsApp, and Apple's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-10 Mashari Alatawi , Nitesh Saxena

Law enforcement agencies struggle with criminals using to end-to-end encryption (E2EE). A recent policy paper states: "while encryption is vital and privacy and cyber security must be protected, that should not come at the expense of wholly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Pieter Hartel , Rolf van Wegberg

This paper analyzes the community safety guidelines of five text-to-image (T2I) generation platforms and audits five T2I models, focusing on prompts related to the representation of humans in areas that might lead to societal stigma. While…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Piera Riccio , Georgina Curto , Nuria Oliver

We explore an emerging threat model for end-to-end (E2E) encrypted applications: an adversary sends chosen messages to a target client, thereby "injecting" adversarial content into the application state. Such state is subsequently encrypted…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Andrés Fábrega , Carolina Ortega Pérez , Armin Namavari , Ben Nassi , Rachit Agarwal , Thomas Ristenpart

End-to-end encrypted (E2EE) messaging is an essential first step in providing message confidentiality. Unfortunately, all security guarantees of end-to-end encryption are lost when keys or plaintext are disclosed, either due to device…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Anrin Chakraborti , Darius Suciu , Radu Sion

Commercial content moderation APIs are marketed as scalable solutions to combat online hate speech. However, the reliance on these APIs risks both silencing legitimate speech, called over-moderation, and failing to protect online platforms…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-04 David Hartmann , Amin Oueslati , Dimitri Staufer , Lena Pohlmann , Simon Munzert , Hendrik Heuer

Speech-to-text (S2T) summarization is a time-saving technique for filtering and keeping up with the broadcast news uploaded online on a daily basis. The rise of large language models from deep learning with impressive text generation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Raul Monteiro , Diogo Pernes

Decentralized communication is becoming an important use case within Web3. On Ethereum, users can repurpose the transaction input data field to embed natural-language messages, commonly known as Input Data Messages (IDMs). However, as IDMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xihan Xiong , Zhipeng Wang , Qin Wang , William Knottenbelt
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