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This survey (re)introduces reinforcement learning methods to economists. The curse of dimensionality limits how far exact dynamic programming can be effectively applied, forcing us to rely on suitably "small" problems or our ability to…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-25 Pranjal Rawat

Successful training of convolutional neural networks is often associated with sufficiently deep architectures composed of high amounts of features. These networks typically rely on a variety of regularization and pruning techniques to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Martin Mundt , Tobias Weis , Kishore Konda , Visvanathan Ramesh

Standard approaches for variable selection in linear models are not tailored to deal properly with high-dimensional and incomplete data. Currently, methods dedicated to high-dimensional data handle missing values by ad-hoc strategies, like…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-06-09 Avner Bar-Hen , Vincent Audigier

Diffusion models generate samples through an iterative denoising process, guided by a neural network. While training the denoiser on real-world data is computationally demanding, the sampling procedure itself is more flexible. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Constant Bourdrez , Alexandre Vérine , Olivier Cappé

This paper proposes a simple but highly efficient expansion-based model for continual learning. The recent feature transformation, masking and factorization-based methods are efficient, but they grow the model only over the global or shared…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Soumya Roy , Vinay K Verma , Deepak Gupta

Visual Reinforcement Learning (RL) methods often require extensive amounts of data. As opposed to model-free RL, model-based RL (MBRL) offers a potential solution with efficient data utilization through planning. Additionally, RL lacks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Moritz Schneider , Robert Krug , Narunas Vaskevicius , Luigi Palmieri , Joschka Boedecker

Vision-based reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach to solve control tasks involving images as the main observation. State-of-the-art RL algorithms still struggle in terms of sample efficiency, especially when using image…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Elie Aljalbout , Maximilian Ulmer , Rudolph Triebel

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a key ingredient for unlocking complex reasoning capabilities in large language models. Recent work ProRL has shown promise in scaling RL by increasing the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Jian Hu , Mingjie Liu , Ximing Lu , Fang Wu , Zaid Harchaoui , Shizhe Diao , Yejin Choi , Pavlo Molchanov , Jun Yang , Jan Kautz , Yi Dong

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) is more sample efficient than model-free RL by using imaginary trajectories generated by the learned dynamics model. When the model is inaccurate or biased, imaginary trajectories may be deleterious…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Wenzhen Huang , Qiyue Yin , Junge Zhang , Kaiqi Huang

Reinforcement learning is able to solve complex sequential decision-making tasks but is currently limited by sample efficiency and required computation. To improve sample efficiency, recent work focuses on model-based RL which interleaves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Yi Zhao , Wenshuai Zhao , Rinu Boney , Juho Kannala , Joni Pajarinen

The ability to train complex and highly effective models often requires an abundance of training data, which can easily become a bottleneck in cost, time, and computational resources. Batch active learning, which adaptively issues batched…

Ensembling is a simple and popular technique for boosting evaluation performance by training multiple models (e.g., with different initializations) and aggregating their predictions. This approach is commonly reserved for the largest…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Dan Kondratyuk , Mingxing Tan , Matthew Brown , Boqing Gong

Reinforcement learning provides an automated framework for learning behaviors from high-level reward specifications, but in practice the choice of reward function can be crucial for good results -- while in principle the reward only needs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Abhishek Gupta , Aldo Pacchiano , Yuexiang Zhai , Sham M. Kakade , Sergey Levine

Learning-based methods have improved locomotion skills of quadruped robots through deep reinforcement learning. However, the sim-to-real gap and low sample efficiency still limit the skill transfer. To address this issue, we propose an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Haojie Shi , Tingguang Li , Qingxu Zhu , Jiapeng Sheng , Lei Han , Max Q. -H. Meng

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise as interactive agents that solve tasks through extended sequences of environment interactions. While prior work has primarily focused on system-level optimizations or algorithmic improvements,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Sunghwan Kim , Junhee Cho , Beong-woo Kwak , Taeyoon Kwon , Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Xingxing Zhang , Furu Wei , Jinyoung Yeo

Deep learning usually relies on training large-scale data samples to achieve better performance. However, over-fitting based on training data always remains a problem. Scholars have proposed various strategies, such as feature dropping and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Songhao Jiang , Yan Chu , Tianxing Ma , Tianning Zang

Model-based reinforcement learning methods often use learning only for the purpose of estimating an approximate dynamics model, offloading the rest of the decision-making work to classical trajectory optimizers. While conceptually simple,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Michael Janner , Yilun Du , Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Sergey Levine

In this paper, we explore techniques centered around periodic sampling of model weights that provide convergence improvements on gradient update methods (vanilla \acs{SGD}, Momentum, Adam) for a variety of vision problems (classification,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-23 Samarth Tripathi , Jiayi Liu , Unmesh Kurup , Mohak Shah , Sauptik Dhar

In model-free deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, using noisy value estimates to supervise policy evaluation and optimization is detrimental to the sample efficiency. As this noise is heteroscedastic, its effects can be mitigated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Vincent Mai , Kaustubh Mani , Liam Paull

Multistep returns, such as $n$-step returns and $\lambda$-returns, are commonly used to improve the sample efficiency of reinforcement learning (RL) methods. The variance of the multistep returns becomes the limiting factor in their length;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Brett Daley , Martha White , Marlos C. Machado