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Robust out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is an indispensable component of modern artificial intelligence (AI) systems, especially in safety-critical applications where models must identify inputs from unfamiliar classes not seen during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Tarhib Al Azad , Shahana Ibrahim

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical issue for the stable and reliable operation of systems using a deep neural network (DNN). Although many OOD detection methods have been proposed, it remains unclear how the differences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Kazuki Uematsu , Kosuke Haruki , Taiji Suzuki , Mitsuhiro Kimura , Takahiro Takimoto , Hideyuki Nakagawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) learning often relies heavily on statistical approaches or predefined assumptions about OOD data distributions, hindering their efficacy in addressing multifaceted challenges of OOD generalization and OOD detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-16 Haoyue Bai , Xuefeng Du , Katie Rainey , Shibin Parameswaran , Yixuan Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection ensures safe and reliable model deployment. Contemporary OOD algorithms using geometry projection can detect OOD or adversarial samples from clean in-distribution (ID) samples. However, this setting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jeng-Lin Li , Ming-Ching Chang , Wei-Chao Chen

Deep neural networks (DNNs), especially convolutional neural networks, have achieved superior performance on image classification tasks. However, such performance is only guaranteed if the input to a trained model is similar to the training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Liang Liang , Linhai Ma , Linchen Qian , Jiasong Chen

Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles in real-world environments. Even well-trained machine learning models may produce unreliable predictions due to discrepancies between training data…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Tongfe Guo , Taposh Banerjee , Rui Liu , Lili Su

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in deep learning has traditionally been framed as a binary task, where samples are either classified as belonging to the known classes or marked as OOD, with little attention given to the semantic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Erik Wallin , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection aims to justify whether a given sample is from the training distribution of the classifier-under-protection, i.e., In-Distribution (InD), or from OoD. Diffusion Models (DMs) are recently utilized in OoD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kun Fang , Qinghua Tao , Zuopeng Yang , Xiaolin Huang , Jie Yang

Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection is important for building safe artificial intelligence systems. However, current OoD detection methods still cannot meet the performance requirements for practical deployment. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-18 Haiwen Huang , Zhihan Li , Lulu Wang , Sishuo Chen , Bin Dong , Xinyu Zhou

The discrepancy between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) samples can lead to \textit{distributional vulnerability} in deep neural networks, which can subsequently lead to high-confidence predictions for OOD samples. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Kun-Yu Lin

To facilitate reliable deployments of autonomous robots in the real world, Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection capabilities are often required. A powerful approach for OOD detection is based on density estimation with Normalizing Flows…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Jianxiang Feng , Jongseok Lee , Simon Geisler , Stephan Gunnemann , Rudolph Triebel

This paper proposes a novel out-of-distribution (OOD) detection framework named MoodCat for image classifiers. MoodCat masks a random portion of the input image and uses a generative model to synthesize the masked image to a new image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Yijun Yang , Ruiyuan Gao , Qiang Xu

Graph Out-of-Distribution (OOD), requiring that models trained on biased data generalize to the unseen test data, has a massive of real-world applications. One of the most mainstream methods is to extract the invariant subgraph by aligning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Xuexin Chen , Ruichu Cai , Kaitao Zheng , Zhifan Jiang , Zhengting Huang , Zhifeng Hao , Zijian Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) robustness is a critical challenge for modern machine learning systems, particularly as they increasingly operate in multimodal settings involving inputs like video, audio, and sensor data. Currently, many OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuehan Qin , Li Li , Defu Cao , Tiankai Yang , Jiate Li , Yue Zhao

This thesis makes considerable contributions to the realm of machine learning, specifically in the context of open-world scenarios where systems face previously unseen data and contexts. Traditional machine learning models are usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yiyou Sun

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for the safe deployment of neural networks. Existing CLIP-based approaches perform OOD detection by devising novel scoring functions or sophisticated fine-tuning methods. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Yixia Li , Boya Xiong , Guanhua Chen , Yun Chen

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection is critical to AI reliability and safety, yet in many practical settings, only a limited amount of training data is available. Bayesian Neural Networks (BNNs) are a promising class of model on which to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Kevin Raina , Tanya Schmah

Safe deployment of time-series classifiers for real-world applications relies on the ability to detect the data which is not generated from the same distribution as training data. This task is referred to as out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Taha Belkhouja , Yan Yan , Janardhan Rao Doppa

In addition to accurate scene understanding through precise semantic segmentation of LiDAR point clouds, detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) objects, instances not encountered during training, is essential to prevent the incorrect…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Hanieh Shojaei Miandashti , Claus Brenner

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial for deploying robust and reliable machine-learning systems in open-world settings. Despite steady advances in OOD detectors, their interplay with modern training pipelines that maximize…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Gerhard Krumpl , Henning Avenhaus , Horst Possegger
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