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In recent times, neural networks have become a powerful tool for the analysis of complex and abstract data models. However, their introduction intrinsically increases our uncertainty about which features of the analysis are model-related…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-09 Tom Charnock , Laurence Perreault-Levasseur , François Lanusse

The currently dominating artificial intelligence and machine learning technology, neural networks, builds on inductive statistical learning. Neural networks of today are information processing systems void of understanding and reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-08-26 Lars Holmberg

The success of Deep Learning and its potential use in many safety-critical applications has motivated research on formal verification of Neural Network (NN) models. Despite the reputation of learned NN models to behave as black boxes and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Rudy Bunel , Ilker Turkaslan , Philip H. S. Torr , Pushmeet Kohli , M. Pawan Kumar

With machine learning models being increasingly used to aid decision making even in high-stakes domains, there has been a growing interest in developing interpretable models. Although many supposedly interpretable models have been proposed,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Forough Poursabzi-Sangdeh , Daniel G. Goldstein , Jake M. Hofman , Jennifer Wortman Vaughan , Hanna Wallach

We point out that neural networks are not black boxes, and their generalization stems from the ability to dynamically map a dataset to the extrema of the model function. We further prove that the number of extrema in a neural network is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Shengjian Chen

Modern deep learning tools are remarkably effective in addressing intricate problems. However, their operation as black-box models introduces increased uncertainty in predictions. Additionally, they contend with various challenges,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Sourav Ganguly , Saprativa Bhattacharjee

Artificial neural network pruning is a method in which artificial neural network sizes can be reduced while attempting to preserve the predicting capabilities of the network. This is done to make the model smaller or faster during inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Alexandre Broggi , Nathaniel Bastian , Lance Fiondella , Gokhan Kul

Ambiguous optical illusions have been a paradigmatic object of fascination, research and inspiration in arts, psychology and video games. However, accurate computational models of perception of ambiguous figures have been elusive. In this…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-12-07 Ivan S. Maksymov

A long-held objective in AI is to build systems that understand concepts in a humanlike way. Setting aside the difficulty of building such a system, even trying to evaluate one is a challenge, due to present-day AI's relative opacity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Victor Vikram Odouard , Melanie Mitchell

Deep neural networks (DNNs) transform stimuli across multiple processing stages to produce representations that can be used to solve complex tasks, such as object recognition in images. However, a full understanding of how they achieve this…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-11-01 David G. T. Barrett , Ari S. Morcos , Jakob H. Macke

The lack of interpretability and trust is a much-criticised feature of deep neural networks. In fully connected nets, the signalling between inner layers is scrambled because backpropagation training does not require perceptrons to be…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-01-28 Jake L. Amey , Jake Keeley , Tajwar Choudhury , Ilya Kuprov

The willingness to trust predictions formulated by automatic algorithms is key in a vast number of domains. However, a vast number of deep architectures are only able to formulate predictions without an associated uncertainty. In this…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-28 Matteo Ferrante , Tommaso Boccato , Nicola Toschi

The authors present a visual instrument developed as part of the creation of the artwork Learning to See. The artwork explores bias in artificial neural networks and provides mechanisms for the manipulation of specifically trained for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-03 Memo Akten , Rebecca Fiebrink , Mick Grierson

In recent years, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been applied successfully in many fields. However, such deep neural models are still regarded as black box in most tasks. One of the fundamental issues underlying this problem is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Dawei Dai , Yutang Li , Huanan Bao , Sy Xia , Guoyin Wang , Xiaoli Ma

Deep learning based computer vision models are increasingly used by urban planners to support decision making for shaping urban environments. Such models predict how people perceive the urban environment quality in terms of e.g. its safety…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Ruben Sangers , Jan van Gemert , Sander van Cranenburgh

Deep learning has revolutionized human society, yet the black-box nature of deep neural networks hinders further application to reliability-demanded industries. In the attempt to unpack them, many works observe or impact internal variables…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Borui Zhang , Wenzhao Zheng , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

As deep learning systems are scaled up to many billions of parameters, relating their internal structure to external behaviors becomes very challenging. Although daunting, this problem is not new: Neuroscientists and cognitive scientists…

As machine learning black boxes are increasingly being deployed in critical domains such as healthcare and criminal justice, there has been a growing emphasis on developing techniques for explaining these black boxes in a human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-11-18 Himabindu Lakkaraju , Osbert Bastani

The last decade of machine learning has seen drastic increases in scale and capabilities. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly being deployed in the real world. However, they are difficult to analyze, raising concerns about using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Tilman Räuker , Anson Ho , Stephen Casper , Dylan Hadfield-Menell

In recent years, neural networks have demonstrated their remarkable ability to discern intricate patterns and relationships from raw data. However, understanding the inner workings of these black box models remains challenging, yet crucial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-18 Niklas Koenen , Marvin N. Wright