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We propose a novel unsupervised framework for \emph{Invariant Risk Minimization} (IRM), extending the concept of invariance to settings where labels are unavailable. Traditional IRM methods rely on labeled data to learn representations that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yotam Norman , Ron Meir

In recent years, there is a growing need to train machine learning models on a huge volume of data. Designing efficient distributed optimization algorithms for empirical risk minimization (ERM) has therefore become an active and challenging…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-11-19 Ching-pei Lee , Kai-Wei Chang

Many biochemical applications such as molecular property prediction require models to generalize beyond their training domains (environments). Moreover, natural environments in these tasks are structured, defined by complex descriptors such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Wengong Jin , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Reward models are central to aligning language models with human preferences via reinforcement learning (RL). As RL is increasingly applied to settings such as verifiable rewards and multi-objective alignment, RMs are expected to encode…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jiwoo Hong , Shao Tang , Zhipeng Wang

Inferring causal individual treatment effect (ITE) from observational data is a challenging problem whose difficulty is exacerbated by the presence of treatment assignment bias. In this work, we propose a new way to estimate the ITE using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Abhin Shah , Kartik Ahuja , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Dennis Wei , Kush Varshney , Amit Dhurandhar

Empirical risk minimization (ERM) is sensitive to spurious correlations in the training data, which poses a significant risk when deploying systems trained under this paradigm in high-stake applications. While the existing literature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Christos Tsirigotis , Joao Monteiro , Pau Rodriguez , David Vazquez , Aaron Courville

We study the problem of invariant learning when the environment labels are unknown. We focus on the invariant representation notion when the Bayes optimal conditional label distribution is the same across different environments. Previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Aayush Mishra , Anqi Liu

Machine learning models have exhibited exceptional results in various domains. The most prevalent approach for learning is the empirical risk minimizer (ERM), which adapts the model's weights to reduce the loss on a training set and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Koby Bibas

A considerable chasm has been looming for decades between theory and practice in zero-sum game solving through first-order methods. Although a convergence rate of $T^{-1}$ has long been established, the most effective paradigm in practice…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Brian Hu Zhang , Ioannis Anagnostides , Tuomas Sandholm

Deep learning models excel in computer vision tasks but often fail to generalize to out-of-distribution (OOD) domains. Invariant Risk Minimization (IRM) aims to address OOD generalization by learning domain-invariant features. However, IRM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Yaoyao Zhu , Xiuding Cai , Yingkai Wang , Dong Miao , Zhongliang Fu , Xu Luo

The ability to generalize under distributional shifts is essential to reliable machine learning, while models optimized with empirical risk minimization usually fail on non-$i.i.d$ testing data. Recently, invariant learning methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Jiashuo Liu , Zheyuan Hu , Peng Cui , Bo Li , Zheyan Shen

Inverse reinforcement learning (IRL), which infers reward functions from demonstrations, is a valuable tool for modeling and understanding decision-making behavior. Many variants of IRL have been developed to capture complexities of human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Leo Benac , Abhishek Sharma , Alihan Huyuk , Finale Doshi-Velez

Fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) is a challenging task due to similar visual appearances between various species. Previous studies always implicitly assume that the training and test data have the same underlying distributions, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Shuo Ye , Shujian Yu , Wenjin Hou , Yu Wang , Xinge You

Predictive performance of machine learning models trained with empirical risk minimization (ERM) can degrade considerably under distribution shifts. The presence of spurious correlations in training datasets leads ERM-trained models to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Simon Roburin , Charles Corbière , Gilles Puy , Nicolas Thome , Matthieu Aubry , Renaud Marlet , Patrick Pérez

Machine unlearning offers a promising solution to privacy and safety concerns in large language models (LLMs) by selectively removing targeted knowledge while preserving utility. However, current methods are highly sensitive to downstream…

We introduce an innovative approach to enhancing the empirical risk minimization (ERM) process in model training through a refined reweighting scheme of the training data to enhance fairness. This scheme aims to uphold the sufficiency rule…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Xuan Zhao , Klaus Broelemann , Salvatore Ruggieri , Gjergji Kasneci

Given a collection of feature maps indexed by a set $\mathcal{T}$, we study the performance of empirical risk minimization (ERM) on regression problems with square loss over the union of the linear classes induced by these feature maps.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-20 Ayoub El Hanchi , Chris J. Maddison , Murat A. Erdogdu

The infinite restricted Boltzmann machine (iRBM) is an extension of the classic RBM. It enjoys a good property of automatically deciding the size of the hidden layer according to specific training data. With sufficient training, the iRBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-30 Xuan Peng , Xunzhang Gao , Xiang Li

In randomized trials, repeated measures of the outcome are routinely collected. The mixed model for repeated measures (MMRM) leverages the information from these repeated outcome measures, and is often used for the primary analysis to…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-07-20 Bingkai Wang , Yu Du

Invariant risk minimization (IRM) has recently emerged as a promising alternative for domain generalization. Nevertheless, the loss function is difficult to optimize for nonlinear classifiers and the original optimization objective could…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-22 Bo Li , Yifei Shen , Yezhen Wang , Wenzhen Zhu , Colorado J. Reed , Jun Zhang , Dongsheng Li , Kurt Keutzer , Han Zhao