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Score-based diffusion models have demonstrated remarkable empirical success in learning high-dimensional distributions, particularly those exhibiting low-dimensional and multi-modal structures. However, theoretical understanding of their…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Jingda Wu , Changxiao Cai

Diffusion models achieve state-of-the-art performance in various generation tasks. However, their theoretical foundations fall far behind. This paper studies score approximation, estimation, and distribution recovery of diffusion models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Minshuo Chen , Kaixuan Huang , Tuo Zhao , Mengdi Wang

Despite the remarkable empirical success of score-based diffusion models, their statistical guarantees remain underdeveloped. Existing analyses often provide pessimistic convergence rates that do not reflect the intrinsic low-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-24 Saptarshi Chakraborty , Quentin Berthet , Peter L. Bartlett

Denoising diffusion models are a recent class of generative models exhibiting state-of-the-art performance in image and audio synthesis. Such models approximate the time-reversal of a forward noising process from a target distribution to a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-05-30 Valentin De Bortoli

Diffusion models have achieved remarkable success in generative modeling. Despite more stable training, the loss of diffusion models is not indicative of absolute data-fitting quality, since its optimal value is typically not zero but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yixian Xu , Shengjie Luo , Liwei Wang , Di He , Chang Liu

Diffusion models have had a profound impact on many application areas, including those where data are intrinsically infinite-dimensional, such as images or time series. The standard approach is first to discretize and then to apply…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-09 Jakiw Pidstrigach , Youssef Marzouk , Sebastian Reich , Sven Wang

Recent empirical studies have demonstrated that diffusion models can effectively learn the image distribution and generate new samples. Remarkably, these models can achieve this even with a small number of training samples despite a large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Peng Wang , Huijie Zhang , Zekai Zhang , Siyi Chen , Yi Ma , Qing Qu

Diffusion models are one of the most important families of deep generative models. In this note, we derive a quantitative upper bound on the Wasserstein distance between the data-generating distribution and the distribution learned by a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Sokhna Diarra Mbacke , Omar Rivasplata

Diffusion models have revolutionized various application domains, including computer vision and audio generation. Despite the state-of-the-art performance, diffusion models are known for their slow sample generation due to the extensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zehao Dou , Minshuo Chen , Mengdi Wang , Zhuoran Yang

Used as priors for Bayesian inverse problems, diffusion models have recently attracted considerable attention in the literature. Their flexibility and high variance enable them to generate multiple solutions for a given task, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Emile Pierret , Bruno Galerne

Diffusion models are distinguished by their exceptional generative performance, particularly in producing high-quality samples through iterative denoising. While current theory suggests that the number of denoising steps required for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Gen Li , Changxiao Cai , Yuting Wei

Diffusion Models are probabilistic models that create realistic samples by simulating the diffusion process, gradually adding and removing noise from data. These models have gained popularity in domains such as image processing, speech…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Md Manjurul Ahsan , Shivakumar Raman , Yingtao Liu , Zahed Siddique

We investigate the approximation efficiency of score functions by deep neural networks in diffusion-based generative modeling. While existing approximation theories utilize the smoothness of score functions, they suffer from the curse of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Song Mei , Yuchen Wu

Diffusion models are a class of generative models that serve to establish a stochastic transport map between an empirically observed, yet unknown, target distribution and a known prior. Despite their remarkable success in real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Puheng Li , Zhong Li , Huishuai Zhang , Jiang Bian

The recent, impressive advances in algorithmic generation of high-fidelity image, audio, and video are largely due to great successes in score-based diffusion models. A key implementing step is score matching, that is, the estimation of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-12 Zehao Dou , Subhodh Kotekal , Zhehao Xu , Harrison H. Zhou

Flow Matching has recently gained attention in generative modeling as a simple and flexible alternative to diffusion models. While existing statistical guarantees adapt tools from the analysis of diffusion models, we take a different…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-18 Lea Kunkel , Mathias Trabs

Denoising diffusions are state-of-the-art generative models exhibiting remarkable empirical performance. They work by diffusing the data distribution into a Gaussian distribution and then learning to reverse this noising process to obtain…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-02-20 Joe Benton , Yuyang Shi , Valentin De Bortoli , George Deligiannidis , Arnaud Doucet

Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPM) are powerful state-of-the-art methods used to generate synthetic data from high-dimensional data distributions and are widely used for image, audio, and video generation as well as many more…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-25 Iskander Azangulov , George Deligiannidis , Judith Rousseau

Diffusion generative models have recently been applied to domains where the available data can be seen as a discretization of an underlying function, such as audio signals or time series. However, these models operate directly on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Gavin Kerrigan , Justin Ley , Padhraic Smyth

While the mathematical foundations of score-based generative models are increasingly well understood for unconstrained Euclidean spaces, many practical applications involve data restricted to bounded domains. This paper provides a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-26 Asbjørn Holk , Claudia Strauch , Lukas Trottner
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