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There has been significant debate in the NLP community about whether or not attention weights can be used as an explanation - a mechanism for interpreting how important each input token is for a particular prediction. The validity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-11 Michael Neely , Stefan F. Schouten , Maurits Bleeker , Ana Lucic

In online advertising, the Internet users may be exposed to a sequence of different ad campaigns, i.e., display ads, search, or referrals from multiple channels, before led up to any final sales conversion and transaction. For both…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Kan Ren , Yuchen Fang , Weinan Zhang , Shuhao Liu , Jiajun Li , Ya Zhang , Yong Yu , Jun Wang

In natural language processing (NLP), deep neural networks (DNNs) could model complex interactions between context and have achieved impressive results on a range of NLP tasks. Prior works on feature interaction attribution mainly focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Xiaolei Lu , Jianghong Ma , Haode Zhang

The great success of Transformer-based models benefits from the powerful multi-head self-attention mechanism, which learns token dependencies and encodes contextual information from the input. Prior work strives to attribute model decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yaru Hao , Li Dong , Furu Wei , Ke Xu

We present a simple yet highly generalizable method for explaining interacting parts within a neural network's reasoning process. First, we design an algorithm based on cross derivatives for computing statistical interaction effects between…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Samuel Lerman , Chenliang Xu , Charles Venuto , Henry Kautz

The black-box nature of deep reinforcement learning (RL) hinders them from real-world applications. Therefore, interpreting and explaining RL agents have been active research topics in recent years. Existing methods for post-hoc…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Qisen Yang , Huanqian Wang , Mukun Tong , Wenjie Shi , Gao Huang , Shiji Song

Even though deep neural networks (DNNs) achieve state-of-the-art results for a number of problems involving genomic data, getting DNNs to explain their decision-making process has been a major challenge due to their black-box nature. One…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2022-12-14 Utku Ozbulak , Solha Kang , Jasper Zuallaert , Stephen Depuydt , Joris Vankerschaver

To assist humans in efficiently validating RAG-generated content, developing a fine-grained attribution mechanism that provides supporting evidence from retrieved documents for every answer span is essential. Existing fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qiang Ding , Lvzhou Luo , Yixuan Cao , Ping Luo

Existing weighting methods for treatment effect estimation are often built upon the idea of propensity scores or covariate balance. They usually impose strong assumptions on treatment assignment or outcome model to obtain unbiased…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Dongcheng Zhang , Kunpeng Zhang

RNN models have achieved the state-of-the-art performance in a wide range of text mining tasks. However, these models are often regarded as black-boxes and are criticized due to the lack of interpretability. In this paper, we enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-28 Mengnan Du , Ninghao Liu , Fan Yang , Shuiwang Ji , Xia Hu

Quaternion neural networks are parameter-efficient and model multidimensional dependencies by representing four related features as a single entity. However, existing quaternion self-attention computes component-wise scores and applies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Shogo Yamauchi , Tohru Nitta , Hideaki Tamori

Credit assignmen, disentangling each agent's contribution to a shared reward, is a critical challenge in cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL). To be effective, credit assignment methods must preserve the environment's…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Aditya Kapoor , Kale-ab Tessera , Mayank Baranwal , Harshad Khadilkar , Jan Peters , Stefano Albrecht , Mingfei Sun

Transfer learning is a popular practice in deep neural networks, but fine-tuning of large number of parameters is a hard task due to the complex wiring of neurons between splitting layers and imbalance distributions of data in pretrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-23 Arash Shahriari

Training the deep neural networks that dominate NLP requires large datasets. These are often collected automatically or via crowdsourcing, and may exhibit systematic biases or annotation artifacts. By the latter we mean spurious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-29 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Sarthak Jain , Sameer Singh , Byron C. Wallace

There has been a recent push in making machine learning models more interpretable so that their performance can be trusted. Although successful, these methods have mostly focused on the deep learning methods while the fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-16 David Steinmann , Matej Zečević , Devendra Singh Dhami , Kristian Kersting

The goal of data attribution is to trace the model's predictions through the learning algorithm and back to its training data. thereby identifying the most influential training samples and understanding how the model's behavior leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Hongbo Zhu , Angelo Cangelosi

Deep neural networks are often considered opaque systems, prompting the need for explainability methods to improve trust and accountability. Existing approaches typically attribute test-time predictions either to input features (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Aziz Bacha , Thomas George

Customers are usually exposed to online digital advertisement channels, such as email marketing, display advertising, paid search engine marketing, along their way to purchase or subscribe products( aka. conversion). The marketers track all…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-10 Ning li , Sai Kumar Arava , Chen Dong , Zhenyu Yan , Abhishek Pani

Attributions aim to identify input pixels that are relevant to the decision-making process. A popular approach involves using modified backpropagation (BP) rules to reverse decisions, which improves interpretability compared to the original…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Guanhua Zheng , Jitao Sang , Changsheng Xu

The problem of explaining the behavior of deep neural networks has recently gained a lot of attention. While several attribution methods have been proposed, most come without strong theoretical foundations, which raises questions about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-24 Marco Ancona , Cengiz Öztireli , Markus Gross