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Quantum effect enables enhanced estimation precision in metrology, with the Heisenberg limit (HL) representing the ultimate limit allowed by quantum mechanics. Although the HL is generally unattainable in the presence of noise, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Himanshu Sahu , Qian Xu , Sisi Zhou

Quantum metrology aims to maximize measurement precision on quantum systems, with a wide range of applications in quantum sensing. Achieving the Heisenberg limit (HL) - the fundamental precision bound set by quantum mechanics - is often…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Zachary Mann , Ningping Cao , Raymond Laflamme , Sisi Zhou

Quantum metrology has many important applications in science and technology, ranging from frequency spectroscopy to gravitational wave detection. Quantum mechanics imposes a fundamental limit on measurement precision, called the Heisenberg…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-05 Sisi Zhou , Mengzhen Zhang , John Preskill , Liang Jiang

Quantum error correction has recently emerged as a tool to enhance quantum sensing under Markovian noise. It works by correcting errors in a sensor while letting a signal imprint on the logical state. This approach typically requires a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-02-04 David Layden , Sisi Zhou , Paola Cappellaro , Liang Jiang

The Heisenberg limit (HL, with estimation error scales as $1/n$) and the standard quantum limit (SQL, $\propto 1/\sqrt{n}$) are two fundamental limits in estimating an unknown parameter in $n$ copies of quantum channels and are achievable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-23 Sisi Zhou

Quantum resources can, in principle, enable Heisenberg-limited (HL) sensing, yet no-go theorems imply that HL scaling is generically unattainable in realistic noisy devices. While quantum error correction (QEC) can suppress noise, its use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Hang Xu , Xiaoyang Deng , Ze Zheng , Tailong Xiao , Guihua Zeng

Quantum circuits implementing fault-tolerant quantum error correction (QEC) for the three qubit bit-flip code and five-qubit code are studied. To describe the effect of noise, we apply a model based on a generalized effective Hamiltonian…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Y. C. Cheng , R. J. Silbey

For a generic set of Markovian noise models, the estimation precision of a parameter associated with the Hamiltonian is limited by the $1/\sqrt{t}$ scaling where $t$ is the total probing time, in which case the maximal possible quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-03-11 Sisi Zhou , Liang Jiang

Extensive research has been dedicated to the asymptotic theory of quantum metrology, where the goal is to determine the ultimate precision limit of quantum channel estimation when many accesses to the channel are allowed. The ultimate limit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-03 Qiushi Liu , Yuxiang Yang

We derive a necessary and sufficient condition for the possibility of achieving the Heisenberg scaling in general adaptive multi-parameter estimation schemes in presence of Markovian noise. In situations where the Heisenberg scaling is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-08 Wojciech Gorecki , Sisi Zhou , Liang Jiang , Rafal Demkowicz-Dobrzanski

Quantum machine learning (QML) is an emerging field that promises advantages such as faster training, improved reliability and superior feature extraction over classical counterparts. However, its implementation on quantum hardware is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Eromanga Adermann , Hajime Suzuki , Muhammad Usman

We consider quantum metrology in noisy environments, where the effect of noise and decoherence limits the achievable gain in precision by quantum entanglement. We show that by using tools from quantum error-correction this limitation can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-03-12 W. Dür , M. Skotiniotis , F. Fröwis , B. Kraus

We introduce a new method for error-corrected quantum metrology where only partial quantum error correction (QEC) is needed to suppress local noise and maintain the probe states' super-standard-quantum-limit (super-SQL) sensing performance.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Yinan Chen , Zongyuan Wang , Sisi Zhou

We propose and analyze a new approach based on quantum error correction (QEC) to improve quantum metrology in the presence of noise. We identify the conditions under which QEC allows one to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-29 Eric M. Kessler , Igor Lovchinsky , Alexander O. Sushkov , Mikhail D. Lukin

We develop a theory for finding quantum error correction (QEC) procedures which are optimized for given noise channels. Our theory accounts for uncertainties in the noise channel, against which our QEC procedures are robust. We demonstrate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-10-28 Soraya Taghavi , Robert L. Kosut , Daniel A. Lidar

Noise is the greatest obstacle in quantum metrology that limits it achievable precision and sensitivity. There are many techniques to mitigate the effect of noise, but this can never be done completely. One commonly proposed technique is to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-27 Nathan Shettell , William J. Munro , Damian Markham , Kae Nemoto

A major obstacle towards realizing a practical quantum computer is the noise that arises due to system-environment interactions. While it is very well known that quantum error correction (QEC) provides a way to protect against errors that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-24 Akshaya Jayashankar

Quantum bits are more robust to noise when they are encoded non-locally. In such an encoding, errors affecting the underlying physical system can then be detected and corrected before they corrupt the encoded information. In 2001,…

We establish a sufficient condition under which autonomous quantum error correction (AutoQEC) can effectively restore Heisenberg scaling (HS) in quantum metrology. Specifically, we show that if all Lindblad operators associated with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Hyukgun Kwon , Uwe R. Fischer , Seung-Woo Lee , Liang Jiang

The quantum computing devices of today have tens to hundreds of qubits that are highly susceptible to noise due to unwanted interactions with their environment. The theory of quantum error correction provides a scheme by which the effects…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-02 Akshaya Jayashankar , Prabha Mandayam
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