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Algorithms for search of communities in networks usually consist discrete variations of links. Here we discuss a flow method, driven by a set of differential equations. Two examples are demonstrated in detail. First is a partition of a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-07-19 Przemyslaw Gawronski , Malgorzata J. Krawczyk , Krzysztof Kulakowski

Time series analysis has proven to be a powerful method to characterize several phenomena in biology, neuroscience and economics, and to understand some of their underlying dynamical features. Despite a plethora of methods have been…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-03-01 Andrea Santoro , Federico Battiston , Giovanni Petri , Enrico Amico

Complex systems are difficult to study not only because they are nonlinear, multiscale, and often nonstationary, but because their scientifically relevant organization is often invisible at the level of individual components, pairwise…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-30 Mark M. Bailey

Multiplex networks are complex graph structures in which a set of entities are connected to each other via multiple types of relations, each relation representing a distinct layer. Such graphs are used to investigate many complex…

Higher-order network analysis uses the ideas of hypergraphs, simplicial complexes, multilinear and tensor algebra, and more, to study complex systems. These are by now well established mathematical abstractions. What's new is that the ideas…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Austin R. Benson , David F. Gleich , Desmond J. Higham

Empirical complex systems can be characterized not only by pairwise interactions, but also by higher-order (group) interactions influencing collective phenomena, from metabolic reactions to epidemics. Nevertheless, higher-order networks'…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-01 Maxime Lucas , Luca Gallo , Arsham Ghavasieh , Federico Battiston , Manlio De Domenico

Typical deep learning approaches to modeling high-dimensional data often result in complex models that do not easily reveal a new understanding of the data. Research in the deep learning field is very actively pursuing new methods to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Charles Anderson , Jason Stock , David Anderson

To better understand the overlapping modular organization of large networks with respect to flow, here we introduce the map equation for overlapping modules. In this information-theoretic framework, we use the correspondence between…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-02-03 Alcides Viamontes Esquivel , Martin Rosvall

Our world produces massive data every day; they exist in diverse forms, from pairwise data and matrix to time series and trajectories. Meanwhile, we have access to the versatile toolkit of network analysis. Networks also have different…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-12-29 Jian Xu

Understanding the origins of complexity is a fundamental challenge with implications for biological and technological systems. Network theory emerges as a powerful tool to model complex systems. Networks are an intuitive framework to…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2024-10-22 Blai Vidiella , Salva Duran-Nebreda , Sergi Valverde

Learning from structured data is a core machine learning task. Commonly, such data is represented as graphs, which normally only consider (typed) binary relationships between pairs of nodes. This is a substantial limitation for many domains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Dobrik Georgiev , Marc Brockschmidt , Miltiadis Allamanis

Human social interactions in local settings can be experimentally detected by recording the physical proximity and orientation of people. Such interactions, approximating face-to-face communications, can be effectively represented as time…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-10-08 Giulia Cencetti , Federico Battiston , Bruno Lepri , Márton Karsai

The human brain is a complex system defined by multi-way, higher-order interactions invisible to traditional pairwise network models. Although a diverse array of analytical methods has been developed to address this shortcoming, the field…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2025-11-11 Mohamma Reza Salehi , Ali BashirGonbadi , Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh

Representing social systems as networks, starting from the interactions between individuals, sheds light on the mechanisms governing their dynamics. However, networks encode only pairwise interactions, while most social interactions occur…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-08-29 Iacopo Iacopini , Márton Karsai , Alain Barrat

Hypergraph is a data structure that enables us to model higher-order associations among data entities. Conventional graph-structured data can represent pairwise relationships only, whereas hypergraph enables us to associate any number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Md. Tanvir Alam , Chowdhury Farhan Ahmed , Carson K. Leung

Hypergraphs play a pivotal role in the modelling of data featuring higher-order relations involving more than two entities. Hypergraph neural networks emerge as a powerful tool for processing hypergraph-structured data, delivering…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Zexi Liu , Bohan Tang , Ziyuan Ye , Xiaowen Dong , Siheng Chen , Yanfeng Wang

Numerous networked systems feature a structure of nontrivial communities, which often correspond to their functional modules. Such communities have been detected in real-world biological, social and technological systems, as well as in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-07-08 Charo I. del Genio

Higher-order interactions underlie complex phenomena in systems such as biological and artificial neural networks, but their study is challenging due to the scarcity of tractable models. By leveraging a generalisation of the maximum entropy…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-12-10 Miguel Aguilera , Pablo A. Morales , Fernando E. Rosas , Hideaki Shimazaki

While the modeling of pair-wise relations has been widely studied in multi-agent interacting systems, its ability to capture higher-level and larger-scale group-wise activities is limited. In this paper, we propose a group-aware relational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Jiachen Li , Chuanbo Hua , Jinkyoo Park , Hengbo Ma , Victoria Dax , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Recent advances in data collection and storage have allowed both researchers and industry alike to collect data in real time. Much of this data comes in the form of 'events', or timestamped interactions, such as email and social media…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-08-29 Andrew Mellor
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