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The "plane of satellites problem" describes the arrangement of the Milky Way's 11 brightest satellite galaxies in a remarkably thin plane, possibly supported by rotation. This is in apparent contradiction to the standard cosmological model,…

The concordance $\Lambda$CDM cosmology predicts tens of satellite galaxies distributed in the inner region ($<40\ \lkpc$) of the Milky Way (MW), yet at most $12$ were discovered at present day, including 3 discovered very recently by Dark…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-12-12 Ming Li , Liang Gao , Jie Wang

We analyse systems analogous to the Milky Way (MW) in the EAGLE cosmological hydrodynamics simulation in order to deduce the likely structure of the MW's dark matter halo. We identify MW-mass haloes in the simulation whose satellite…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-01-06 Shi Shao , Marius Cautun , Alis J. Deason , Carlos S. Frenk

We study the formation of planes of dwarf galaxies around Milky Way (MW)-mass haloes in the EAGLE galaxy formation simulation. We focus on satellite systems similar to the one in the MW: spatially thin or with a large fraction of members…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-07-08 Shi Shao , Marius Cautun , Carlos S. Frenk

We study the abundance of satellite galaxies around 198 Milky Way- (MW) and M31-like hosts in TNG50, the final instalment in the IllustrisTNG suite of cosmological magnetohydrodynamical simulations. MW/M31-like analogues are defined as…

We examine the prevalence, longevity, and causes of planes of satellite dwarf galaxies, as observed in the Local Group. We use 14 Milky Way/Andromeda-(MW/M31) mass host galaxies from the FIRE-2 simulations. We select the 14 most massive…

Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way and of the Andromeda galaxy have been found to preferentially align in significantly flattened planes of satellite galaxies, and available velocity measurements are indicative of a preference of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-03-28 Marcel S. Pawlowski

A simple model for the Milky Way halo is presented. It has a flat rotation curve in the inner regions, but the density falls off sharply beyond an outer edge. This truncated, flat rotation curve (TF) model possesses a rich family of simple…

Astrophysics · Physics 2008-11-26 M. I. Wilkinson , N. W. Evans

We examine the spatial distribution and orbital pole correlations of satellites in a suite of zoom-in high-resolution dissipationless simulations of Miky Way (MW) sized haloes. We use the measured distribution to estimate the incidence of…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-02-08 Khanh Pham , Andrey Kravtsov , Viraj Manwadkar

We compare the structure and kinematics of the 11 known satellites of the Milky Way with high resolution simulations of the formation of its dark halo in a LambdaCDM universe. In contrast to earlier work, we find excellent agreement. The…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-07 Felix Stoehr , Simon D. M. White , Giuseppe Tormen , Volker Springel

We investigate a mechanism to form and keep a planar spatial distribution of satellite galaxies in the Milky Way (MW), which is called the satellite plane. It has been pointed out that the {\Lambda}CDM cosmological model hardly explains the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2024-03-27 Genta Sato , Masashi Chiba

The 11 known satellite galaxies within 250 kpc of the Milky Way lie close to a great circle on the sky. We use high resolution N-body simulations of galactic dark matter halos to test if this remarkable property can be understood within the…

Sub-halos in dark-matter-based cosmological simulations tend to be distributed approximately isotropically around their host. The existence of highly flattened, co-orbiting planes of satellite galaxies has therefore been identified as a…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2014-06-25 Marcel S. Pawlowski , Stacy S. McGaugh

We apply a semi-analytic galaxy formation model to two high resolution cosmological N-body simulations to investigate analogues of the Milky Way system. We select these according to observed properties of the Milky Way rather than by halo…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-09-30 Qi Guo , Andrew Cooper , Carlos Frenk , John Helly , Wojciech Hellwing

Planes of satellites are observed around many galaxies. However, these observations are still considered a point of tension for the $\Lambda$CDM paradigm. We use the fully hydrodynamical cosmological $\Lambda$CDM state-of-the-art simulation…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-08-12 Pascal U. Förster , Rhea-Silvia Remus , Klaus Dolag , Lucas C. Kimmig , Adelheid Teklu , Lucas M. Valenzuela

On small scales there have been a number of claims of discrepancies between the standard Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model and observations. The 'missing satellites problem' infamously describes the overabundance of subhalos from CDM simulations…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2019-06-18 Catherine E. Fielder , Yao-Yuan Mao , Jeffrey A. Newman , Andrew R. Zentner , Timothy C. Licquia

It has been suggested that the Plane of Satellites (PoS) phenomenon may imply a tension with current $\Lambda$CDM cosmology since a Milky-Way (MW)-like PoS is very rare in simulations. In this study, we analyze a large sample of satellite…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-10-06 Xinghai Zhao , Guobao Tang , Paola Gonzalez , Grant J. Mathews , Lara Arielle Phillips

We study the subhalo and satellite populations in haloes similar to the Milky Way (MW)-Andromeda paired configuration in the Millennium II and P-Millennium simulations. We find subhaloes are $5\%-15\%$ more abundant in paired haloes than…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-06-14 Kemeng Li , Shi Shao , Ping He , Qing Gu , Jie Wang

The origin and structure of the hot ($T\gtrsim10^6$K) gaseous halo around Milky Way (MW)-mass galaxies provide a critical test for galaxy formation models. We perform a comprehensive comparison for a sample of MW analogues from the TNG50…

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