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Recommender system, as an essential part of modern e-commerce, consists of two fundamental modules, namely Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction. While CVR has a direct impact on the purchasing volume, its prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Yuan Wang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Quan Lin , Keping Yang

Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial for ranking systems in industrial applications such as recommendation and advertising. Conventional CVR modeling applies popular deep learning methods and achieves…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-04-25 Xiao Ma , Liqin Zhao , Guan Huang , Zhi Wang , Zelin Hu , Xiaoqiang Zhu , Kun Gai

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a fundamental task in developing effective recommender systems, yet it faces challenges from data sparsity and sample selection bias. To handle both challenges, the entire space multitask…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Hao Wang , Zhichao Chen , Zhaoran Liu , Haozhe Li , Degui Yang , Xinggao Liu , Haoxuan Li

Estimating post-click conversion rate (CVR) accurately is crucial in E-commerce. However, CVR prediction usually suffers from three major challenges in practice: i) data sparsity: compared with impressions, conversion samples are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Yanshi Wang , Jie Zhang , Qing Da , Anxiang Zeng

Large-scale online recommender system spreads all over the Internet being in charge of two basic tasks: Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Post-Click Conversion Rate (CVR) estimations. However, traditional CVR estimators suffer from well-known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Zhenhao Jiang , Biao Zeng , Hao Feng , Jin Liu , Jicong Fan , Jie Zhang , Jia Jia , Ning Hu , Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan

In recommender systems, post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is an essential task to model user preferences for items and estimate the value of recommendations. Sample selection bias (SSB) and data sparsity (DS) are two persistent…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ke Fei , Xinyue Zhang , Jingjing Li

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is a vital task in many recommender systems of revenue businesses, e.g., e-commerce and advertising. In a perspective of sample, a typical CVR positive sample usually goes through a funnel of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Wei Cheng , Yucheng Lu , Boyang Xia , Jiangxia Cao , Kuan Xu , Mingxing Wen , Wei Jiang , Jiaming Zhang , Zhaojie Liu , Liyin Hong , Kun Gai , Guorui Zhou

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for large-scale e-commerce platforms. However, refund behaviors frequently occur after conversion in online shopping systems, which drives us to pay attention to effective conversion for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Yunfeng Zhao , Xu Yan , Xiaoqiang Gui , Shuguang Han , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Guoxian Yu , Jufeng Chen , Zhao Xu , Bo Zheng

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for discovering user interests and increasing platform revenues in a range of industrial applications. One of the most challenging problems of this task is the existence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Quanyu Dai , Haoxuan Li , Peng Wu , Zhenhua Dong , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Rui Zhang , Rui zhang , Jie Sun

Accurate estimation of post-click conversion rate is critical for building recommender systems, which has long been confronted with sample selection bias and data sparsity issues. Methods in the Entire Space Multi-task Model (ESMM) family…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Hao Wang , Tai-Wei Chang , Tianqiao Liu , Jianmin Huang , Zhichao Chen , Chao Yu , Ruopeng Li , Wei Chu

Different from large-scale platforms such as Taobao and Amazon, CVR modeling in small-scale recommendation scenarios is more challenging due to the severe Data Distribution Fluctuation (DDF) issue. DDF prevents existing CVR models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-29 Xiaofeng Pan , Ming Li , Jing Zhang , Keren Yu , Luping Wang , Hong Wen , Chengjun Mao , Bo Cao

In recommendation scenarios, there are two long-standing challenges, i.e., selection bias and data sparsity, which lead to a significant drop in prediction accuracy for both Click-Through Rate (CTR) and post-click Conversion Rate (CVR)…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Feng Zhu , Mingjie Zhong , Xinxing Yang , Longfei Li , Lu Yu , Tiehua Zhang , Jun Zhou , Chaochao Chen , Fei Wu , Guanfeng Liu , Yan Wang

The pre-ranking stage plays a pivotal role in large-scale recommender systems but faces an intrinsic trade-off between model expressiveness and computational efficiency. Owing to the massive candidate pool and strict latency constraints,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Yutian Xiao , Meng Yuan , Fuzhen Zhuang , Wei Chen , Shukuan Wang , Shanqi Liu , Chao Feng , Wenhui Yu , Xiang Li , Lantao Hu , Han Li , Zhao Zhang

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the most critical tasks for digital display advertising. Commercial systems often require to update models in an online learning manner to catch up with the evolving data distribution. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Jia-Qi Yang , Xiang Li , Shuguang Han , Tao Zhuang , De-Chuan Zhan , Xiaoyi Zeng , Bin Tong

Conversion Rate (\emph{CVR}) prediction in modern industrial e-commerce platforms is becoming increasingly important, which directly contributes to the final revenue. In order to address the well-known sample selection bias (\emph{SSB}) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Fuyu Lv , Wentian Bao , Tianyi Wang , Zulong Chen

Industrial recommender systems are frequently tasked with approximating probabilities for multiple, often closely related, user actions. For example, predicting if a user will click on an advertisement and if they will then purchase the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Conor O'Brien , Kin Sum Liu , James Neufeld , Rafael Barreto , Jonathan J Hunt

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

In the realm of online advertising, accurately predicting the conversion rate (CVR) is crucial for enhancing advertising efficiency and user satisfaction. This paper addresses the challenge of CVR prediction while adhering to user privacy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Kungang Li , Xiangyi Chen , Ling Leng , Jiajing Xu , Jiankai Sun , Behnam Rezaei

The task of predicting conversion rates (CVR) lies at the heart of online advertising systems aiming to optimize bids to meet advertiser performance requirements. Even with the recent rise of deep neural networks, these predictions are…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Alex Shtoff , Yohay Kaplan , Ariel Raviv

Recommender Systems (RS) often rely on representations of users and items in a joint embedding space and on a similarity metric to compute relevance scores. In modern RS, the modules to obtain user and item representations consist of two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Marta Moscati , Shah Nawaz , Markus Schedl
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