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Vector symbolic architectures (VSAs) are a family of information representation techniques which enable composition, i.e., creating complex information structures from atomic vectors via binding and superposition, and have recently found…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Zirui Deng , Netanel Raviv

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC), also known as vector symbolic architectures (VSA), is a computing framework used within artificial intelligence and cognitive computing that operates with distributed vector representations of large fixed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Dmitri A. Rachkovskij , Denis Kleyko

Hyperdimensional computing (HDC) is an emerging learning paradigm that computes with high dimensional binary vectors. It is attractive because of its energy efficiency and low latency, especially on emerging hardware -- but HDC suffers from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Tao Yu , Yichi Zhang , Zhiru Zhang , Christopher De Sa

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) have emerged as a novel framework for enabling interpretable machine learning algorithms equipped with the ability to reason and explain their decision processes. The basic idea is to represent discrete…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Calvin Yeung , Prathyush Poduval , Mohsen Imani

Using Frequency-domain Holographic Reduced Representations (FHRRs), we extend a Vector-Symbolic Architecture (VSA) encoding of Lisp 1.5 with primitives for arithmetic operations using Residue Hyperdimensional Computing (RHC). Encoding a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Connor Hanley , Eilene Tomkins-Flanaganm , Mary Alexandria Kelly

Vector Symbolic Architectures (VSAs) are one approach to developing Neuro-symbolic AI, where two vectors in $\mathbb{R}^d$ are `bound' together to produce a new vector in the same space. VSAs support the commutativity and associativity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Mohammad Mahmudul Alam , Alexander Oberle , Edward Raff , Stella Biderman , Tim Oates , James Holt

Neither deep neural networks nor symbolic AI alone has approached the kind of intelligence expressed in humans. This is mainly because neural networks are not able to decompose joint representations to obtain distinct objects (the so-called…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Michael Hersche , Mustafa Zeqiri , Luca Benini , Abu Sebastian , Abbas Rahimi

The ability to encode and manipulate data structures with distributed neural representations could qualitatively enhance the capabilities of traditional neural networks by supporting rule-based symbolic reasoning, a central property of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-09 E. Paxon Frady , Spencer Kent , Bruno A. Olshausen , Friedrich T. Sommer

Knowledge graphs are an expressive and widely used data structure due to their ability to integrate data from different domains in a sensible and machine-readable way. Thus, they can be used to model a variety of systems such as molecules…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-28 Dominik Dold , Josep Soler Garrido , Victor Caceres Chian , Marcel Hildebrandt , Thomas Runkler

Transformer-based language models display impressive reasoning-like behavior, yet remain brittle on tasks that require stable symbolic manipulation. This paper develops a unified perspective on these phenomena by interpreting self-attention…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

Neuromorphic computing and, in particular, spiking neural networks (SNNs) have become an attractive alternative to deep neural networks for a broad range of signal processing applications, processing static and/or temporal inputs from…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Souvik Kundu , Rui-Jie Zhu , Akhilesh Jaiswal , Peter A. Beerel

Hyperdimensional Computing affords simple, yet powerful operations to create long Hyperdimensional Vectors (hypervectors) that can efficiently encode information, be used for learning, and are dynamic enough to be modified on the fly. In…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Peter Sutor , Dehao Yuan , Douglas Summers-Stay , Cornelia Fermuller , Yiannis Aloimonos

Recently, brain-inspired computing models have shown great potential to outperform today's deep learning solutions in terms of robustness and energy efficiency. Particularly, Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) and HyperDimensional Computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Zhuowen Zou , Haleh Alimohamadi , Farhad Imani , Yeseong Kim , Mohsen Imani

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are artificial computational models that have been inspired by the brain's ability to naturally encode and process information in the time domain. The added temporal dimension is believed to render them more…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-05-29 S. R. Nandakumar , Irem Boybat , Manuel Le Gallo , Evangelos Eleftheriou , Abu Sebastian , Bipin Rajendran

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

Neuromorphic computing is henceforth a major research field for both academic and industrial actors. As opposed to Von Neumann machines, brain-inspired processors aim at bringing closer the memory and the computational elements to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Maxence Bouvier , Alexandre Valentian , Thomas Mesquida , François Rummens , Marina Reyboz , Elisa Vianello , Edith Beigné

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) offer a biologically inspired alternative to conventional artificial neural networks, with potential advantages in power efficiency due to their event-driven computation. Despite their promise, SNNs have yet…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Wangdan Liao , Weidong Wang

The remarkable advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), primarily driven by deep neural networks, are facing challenges surrounding unsustainable computational trajectories, limited robustness, and a lack of explainability. To develop…

While classical neural networks take a position of a leading method in the machine learning community, spiking neuromorphic systems bring attention and large projects in neuroscience. Spiking neural networks were shown to be able to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-07 Sergei Dytckov , Masoud Daneshtalab

Machine learning is yielding unprecedented interest in research and industry, due to recent success in many applied contexts such as image classification and object recognition. However, the deployment of these systems requires huge…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Nassim Abderrahmane , Edgar Lemaire , Benoît Miramond