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Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are a viable alternative to conventional artificial neural networks when resource efficiency and computational complexity are of importance. A major advantage of SNNs is their binary information transfer…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Daniel Gerlinghoff , Tao Luo , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Weng-Fai Wong

Recent advances in event-based neuromorphic systems have resulted in significant interest in the use and development of spiking neural networks (SNNs). However, the non-differentiable nature of spiking neurons makes SNNs incompatible with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Ali Lotfi Rezaabad , Sriram Vishwanath

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) well support spatiotemporal learning and energy-efficient event-driven hardware neuromorphic processors. As an important class of SNNs, recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) possess great computational…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Wenrui Zhang , Peng Li

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) hold immense potential for computations due to their Turing completeness and sequential processing capabilities, yet existing methods for their training encounter efficiency challenges. Backpropagation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Jesus Garcia Fernandez , Sander Keemink , Marcel van Gerven

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) use spatio-temporal spike patterns to represent and transmit information, which is not only biologically realistic but also suitable for ultra-low-power event-driven neuromorphic implementation. Motivated by…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Malu Zhang , Jiadong Wang , Burin Amornpaisannon , Zhixuan Zhang , VPK Miriyala , Ammar Belatreche , Hong Qu , Jibin Wu , Yansong Chua , Trevor E. Carlson , Haizhou Li

We propose a memory efficient method, named Stochastic Backpropagation (SBP), for training deep neural networks on videos. It is based on the finding that gradients from incomplete execution for backpropagation can still effectively train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Feng Cheng , Mingze Xu , Yuanjun Xiong , Hao Chen , Xinyu Li , Wei Li , Wei Xia

We propose a novel backpropagation algorithm for training spiking neural networks (SNNs) that encodes information in the relative multiple spike timing of individual neurons without single-spike restrictions. The proposed algorithm inherits…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Kakei Yamamoto , Yusuke Sakemi , Kazuyuki Aihara

As the scales of neural networks increase, techniques that enable them to run with low computational cost and energy efficiency are required. From such demands, various efficient neural network paradigms, such as spiking neural networks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Kazuma Suetake , Shin-ichi Ikegawa , Ryuji Saiin , Yoshihide Sawada

Recurrent spiking neural networks (RSNNs) can be implemented very efficiently in neuromorphic systems. Nevertheless, training of these models with powerful gradient-based learning algorithms is mostly performed on standard digital hardware…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Maximilian Baronig , Yeganeh Bahariasl , Ozan Özdenizci , Robert Legenstein

The Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a biologically inspired neural network infrastructure that has recently garnered significant attention. It utilizes binary spike activations to transmit information, thereby replacing multiplications with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Yufei Guo , Yuanpei Chen , Zecheng Hao , Weihang Peng , Zhou Jie , Yuhan Zhang , Xiaode Liu , Zhe Ma

Spiking neural networks (SNN) are usually more energy-efficient as compared to Artificial neural networks (ANN), and the way they work has a great similarity with our brain. Back-propagation (BP) has shown its strong power in training ANN…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-11-20 Yukun Yang

Backpropagation through time (BPTT) is the standard algorithm for training recurrent neural networks (RNNs), which requires separate simulation phases for the forward and backward passes for inference and learning, respectively. Moreover,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-13 Anand Subramoney

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), providing more realistic neuronal dynamics, have been shown to achieve performance comparable to Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) in several machine learning tasks. Information is processed as spikes within…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Jiaqi Lin , Sen Lu , Malyaban Bal , Abhronil Sengupta

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have gained significant attention as a potentially energy-efficient alternative for standard neural networks with their sparse binary activation. However, SNNs suffer from memory and computation overhead due…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Donghyun Lee , Ruokai Yin , Youngeun Kim , Abhishek Moitra , Yuhang Li , Priyadarshini Panda

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are promising for neuromorphic computing due to their biological plausibility and energy efficiency. However, training methods like Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) and Real Time Recurrent Learning (RTRL)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Ismael Gomez , Guangzhi Tang

Brain-inspired spiking neuron networks (SNNs) have attracted widespread research interest due to their low power features, high biological plausibility, and strong spatiotemporal information processing capability. Although adopting a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-06 Changqing Xu , Yi Liu , Yintang Yang

The problem of training spiking neural networks (SNNs) is a necessary precondition to understanding computations within the brain, a field still in its infancy. Previous work has shown that supervised learning in multi-layer SNNs enables…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-03-12 Amirhossein Tavanaei , Anthony S. Maida

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) represent a promising approach in machine learning, combining the hierarchical learning capabilities of deep neural networks with the energy efficiency of spike-based computations. Traditional end-to-end…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ruyin Wan , Qian Zhang , George Em Karniadakis

Spiking neural networks have gained significant attention due to their brain-like information processing capabilities. The use of surrogate gradients has made it possible to train spiking neural networks with backpropagation, leading to…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Dongcheng Zhao , Guobin Shen , Yiting Dong , Yang Li , Yi Zeng

Recently, brain-inspired spiking neuron networks (SNNs) have attracted widespread research interest because of their event-driven and energy-efficient characteristics. Still, it is difficult to efficiently train deep SNNs due to the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Shikuang Deng , Yuhang Li , Shanghang Zhang , Shi Gu