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Bystander privacy in smart homes has been widely studied in Western contexts, yet it remains underexplored in non-Western countries such as China. In this study, we analyze 49 Chinese smart home apps using a mixed-methods approach,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Shijing He , Xuchen Wang , Yaxiong Lei , Chi Zhang , Ruba Abu-Salma , Jose Such

Mobile phones enable the collection of a wealth of private information, from unique identifiers (e.g., email addresses), to a user's location, to their text messages. This information can be harvested by apps and sent to third parties,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-26 Yun Shen , Pierre-Antoine Vervier , Gianluca Stringhini

In December of 2020, Apple started to require app developers to self-report privacy label annotations on their apps indicating what data is collected and how it is used.To understand the adoption and shifts in privacy labels in the App…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-16 David G. Balash , Mir Masood Ali , Monica Kodwani , Xiaoyuan Wu , Chris Kanich , Adam J. Aviv

Data protection law, including the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), usually requires a privacy policy before data can be collected from individuals. We analysed 15,145 privacy policies from 26,910 mobile apps in May 2019 (about…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Konrad Kollnig

Privacy protection raises great attention on both legal levels and user awareness. To protect user privacy, countries enact laws and regulations requiring software privacy policies to regulate their behavior. However, privacy policies are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Kaifa Zhao , Le Yu , Shiyao Zhou , Jing Li , Xiapu Luo , Yat Fei Aemon Chiu , Yutong Liu

China is currently the country with the largest number of Android smartphone users. We use a combination of static and dynamic code analysis techniques to study the data transmitted by the preinstalled system apps on Android smartphones…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Haoyu Liu , Douglas J. Leith , Paul Patras

Contemporary mobile applications (apps) are designed to track, use, and share users' data, often without their consent, which results in potential privacy and transparency issues. To investigate whether mobile apps have always been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Saad Sajid Hashmi , Nazar Waheed , Gioacchino Tangari , Muhammad Ikram , Stephen Smith

Privacy labels -- standardized, compact representations of data collection and data use practices -- are often presented as a solution to the shortcomings of privacy policies. Apple introduced mandatory privacy labels for apps in its App…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Yanzi Lin , Jaideep Juneja , Eleanor Birrell , Lorrie Faith Cranor

In recent years, major privacy laws like the GDPR have brought about positive changes. However, challenges remain in enforcing the laws, particularly due to under-resourced regulators facing a large number of potential privacy-violating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Tao Jing , Yao Li , Jingzhou Ye , Jie Wang , Xueqiang Wang

The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled the development of smartphone applications to assist disease management. Many "corona apps" require widespread adoption to be effective, which has sparked public debates about the privacy, security, and…

Apple introduced privacy labels in Dec. 2020 as a way for developers to report the privacy behaviors of their apps. While Apple does not validate labels, they also require developers to provide a privacy policy, which offers an important…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Mir Masood Ali , David G. Balash , Monica Kodwani , Chris Kanich , Adam J. Aviv

Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Ulrik Lyngs , Jun Zhao , Claudine Tinsman , Nigel Shadbolt

Ample research has demonstrated that compliance with data protection principles remains limited on the web and mobile. For example, almost none of the apps on the Google Play Store fulfil the minimum requirements regarding consent under EU…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Konrad Kollnig

Privacy policies are long, complex documents that end-users seldom read. Privacy labels aim to ameliorate these issues by providing succinct summaries of salient data practices. In December 2020, Apple began requiring that app developers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Akshath Jain , David Rodriguez , Jose M. del Alamo , Norman Sadeh

Access to privacy-sensitive information on Android is a growing concern in the mobile community. Albeit Google Play recently introduced some privacy guidelines, it is still an open problem to soundly verify whether apps actually comply with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Luca Verderame , Davide Caputo , Andrea Romdhana , Alessio Merlo

The age of technology has created a huge market for smartphones and Apps usage and a new generation has been created based on knowledge sharing. Now knowledge has been made easily accessible by Apps but; are users even aware of the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-04-19 Akosua Boakyewaa Teye , Ezer Osei Yeboah-Boateng

The digital age has brought a world of opportunity to children. Connectivity can be a game-changer for some of the world's most marginalized children. However, while legislatures around the world have enacted regulations to protect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Ruoxi Sun , Minhui Xue , Gareth Tyson , Shuo Wang , Seyit Camtepe , Surya Nepal

While many studies have looked at privacy properties of the Android and Google Play app ecosystem, comparatively much less is known about iOS and the Apple App Store, the most widely used ecosystem in the US. At the same time, there is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Konrad Kollnig , Anastasia Shuba , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Nigel Shadbolt

Tracking is a highly privacy-invasive data collection practice that has been ubiquitous in mobile apps for many years due to its role in supporting advertising-based revenue models. In response, Apple introduced two significant changes with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Konrad Kollnig , Anastasia Shuba , Max Van Kleek , Reuben Binns , Nigel Shadbolt

Internet of Things (IoT) applications have the potential to derive sensitive information about individuals. Therefore, developers must exercise due diligence to make sure that data are managed according to the privacy regulations and data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Atheer Aljeraisy , Masoud Barati , Omer Rana , Charith Perera
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