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In this paper, we propose a multilingual query-by-example keyword spotting (KWS) system based on a residual neural network. The model is trained as a classifier on a multilingual keyword dataset extracted from Common Voice sentences and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-20 Paul M. Reuter , Christian Rollwage , Bernd T. Meyer

Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS) refers to the task of detecting words or terms within speech recordings, regardless of whether they were included in the training data. This paper introduces an open-vocabulary keyword spotting model…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-08 Yael Segal-Feldman , Ann R. Bradlow , Matthew Goldrick , Joseph Keshet

Keyword Spotting (KWS) is a critical aspect of audio-based applications on mobile devices and virtual assistants. Recent developments in Federated Learning (FL) have significantly expanded the ability to train machine learning models by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Enmao Diao , Eric W. Tramel , Jie Ding , Tao Zhang

In this paper, we propose MM-KWS, a novel approach to user-defined keyword spotting leveraging multi-modal enrollments of text and speech templates. Unlike previous methods that focus solely on either text or speech features, MM-KWS…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-12 Zhiqi Ai , Zhiyong Chen , Shugong Xu

Learning to recognize new keywords with just a few examples is essential for personalizing keyword spotting (KWS) models to a user's choice of keywords. However, modern KWS models are typically trained on large datasets and restricted to a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-07 Abhijeet Awasthi , Kevin Kilgour , Hassan Rom

User-defined keyword spotting (KWS) enhances the user experience by allowing individuals to customize keywords. However, in open-vocabulary scenarios, most existing methods commonly suffer from high false alarm rates with confusable words…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-31 Li Kewei , Zhou Hengshun , Shen Kai , Dai Yusheng , Du Jun

Keyword spotting (KWS) aims to discriminate a specific wake-up word from other signals precisely and efficiently for different users. Recent works utilize various deep networks to train KWS models with all users' speech data centralized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Xin-Chun Li , Jin-Lin Tang , Shaoming Song , Bingshuai Li , Yinchuan Li , Yunfeng Shao , Le Gan , De-Chuan Zhan

The performance of keyword spotting (KWS), measured in false alarms and false rejects, degrades significantly under the far field and noisy conditions. In this paper, we propose a multi-look neural network modeling for speech enhancement…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-05-22 Meng Yu , Xuan Ji , Bo Wu , Dan Su , Dong Yu

Keyword Spotting (KWS) systems with small footprint models deployed on edge devices face significant accuracy and robustness challenges due to domain shifts caused by varying noise and recording conditions. To address this, we propose a…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Prakash Dhungana , Sayed Ahmad Salehi

A personalized KeyWord Spotting (KWS) pipeline typically requires the training of a Deep Learning model on a large set of user-defined speech utterances, preventing fast customization directly applied on-device. To fill this gap, this paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Manuele Rusci , Tinne Tuytelaars

Keyword spotting (KWS) is crucial for many speech-driven applications, but robust KWS in noisy environments remains challenging. Conventional systems often rely on single-channel inputs and a cascaded pipeline separating front-end…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-11 Rui Wang , Zhifei Zhang , Yu Gao , Xiaofeng Mou , Yi Xu

Custom keyword spotting (KWS) allows detecting user-defined spoken keywords from streaming audio. This is achieved by comparing the embeddings from voice enrollments and input audio. State-of-the-art custom KWS models are typically trained…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Pai Zhu , Quan Wang , Dhruuv Agarwal , Kurt Partridge

Keyword spotting (KWS) is essential for voice-driven applications, demanding both accuracy and efficiency. Traditional ASR-based KWS methods, such as greedy and beam search, explore the entire search space without explicitly prioritizing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-01 Yu Xi , Haoyu Li , Xiaoyu Gu , Yidi Jiang , Kai Yu

For training a few-shot keyword spotting (FS-KWS) model, a large labeled dataset containing massive target keywords has known to be essential to generalize to arbitrary target keywords with only a few enrollment samples. To alleviate the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-10 Dongjune Lee , Minchan Kim , Sung Hwan Mun , Min Hyun Han , Nam Soo Kim

Robustness against noise is critical for keyword spotting (KWS) in real-world environments. To improve the robustness, a speech enhancement front-end is involved. Instead of treating the speech enhancement as a separated preprocessing…

Sound · Computer Science 2019-06-21 Yue Gu , Zhihao Du , Hui Zhang , Xueliang Zhang

Using audio and text embeddings jointly for Keyword Spotting (KWS) has shown high-quality results, but the key challenge of how to semantically align two embeddings for multi-word keywords of different sequence lengths remains largely…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-06-09 Kumari Nishu , Minsik Cho , Devang Naik

Small-Footprint Keyword Spotting (SF-KWS) has gained popularity in today's landscape of smart voice-activated devices, smartphones, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. This surge is attributed to the advancements in Deep Learning,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-16 Soumen Garai , Suman Samui

Current keyword spotting systems primarily use phoneme-level matching to distinguish confusable words but ignore user-specific pronunciation traits like prosody (intonation, stress, rhythm). This paper presents ProKWS, a novel framework…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-20 Jianan Pan , Yuanming Zhang , Kejie Huang

Open-vocabulary keyword spotting (KWS), which allows users to customize keywords, has attracted increasingly more interest. However, existing methods based on acoustic models and post-processing train the acoustic model with ASR training…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-18 Ao Zhang , Pan Zhou , Kaixun Huang , Yong Zou , Ming Liu , Lei Xie

Visual keyword spotting (KWS) is the problem of estimating whether a text query occurs in a given recording using only video information. This paper focuses on visual KWS for words unseen during training, a real-world, practical setting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Themos Stafylakis , Georgios Tzimiropoulos
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