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Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) provide potentials for uncovering structured, human-interpretable representations in Large Language Models (LLMs), making them a crucial tool for transparent and controllable AI systems. We systematically analyze…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Jack Gallifant , Shan Chen , Kuleen Sasse , Hugo Aerts , Thomas Hartvigsen , Danielle S. Bitterman

We present a signal representation framework called the sparse manifold transform that combines key ideas from sparse coding, manifold learning, and slow feature analysis. It turns non-linear transformations in the primary sensory signal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-04 Yubei Chen , Dylan M. Paiton , Bruno A. Olshausen

Olshausen and Field (OF) proposed that neural computations in the primary visual cortex (V1) can be partially modeled by sparse dictionary learning. By minimizing the regularized representation error they derived an online algorithm, which…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2015-12-01 Tao Hu , Cengiz Pehlevan , Dmitri B. Chklovskii

Sparsity is a desirable attribute. It can lead to more efficient and more effective representations compared to the dense model. Meanwhile, learning sparse latent representations has been a challenging problem in the field of computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Hanao Li , Tian Han

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) aim to decompose the activation space of large language models (LLMs) into human-interpretable latent directions or features. As we increase the number of features in the SAE, hierarchical features tend to split…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 David Chanin , James Wilken-Smith , Tomáš Dulka , Hardik Bhatnagar , Satvik Golechha , Joseph Bloom

Auto-Encoders are unsupervised models that aim to learn patterns from observed data by minimizing a reconstruction cost. The useful representations learned are often found to be sparse and distributed. On the other hand, compressed sensing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-14 Devansh Arpit , Yingbo Zhou , Hung Q. Ngo , Nils Napp , Venu Govindaraju

Transformer architectures have achieved remarkable success across language, vision, and multimodal tasks, and there is growing demand for them to address in-context compositional learning tasks. In these tasks, models solve the target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Wei Chen , Jingxi Yu , Zichen Miao , Qiang Qiu

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) are increasingly used to interpret foundation models, but their role as an actionable intervention space remains less understood, especially in vision. We study whether sparse visual features can be used not only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Gerasimos Chatzoudis , Zhuowei Li , Gemma E. Moran , Hao Wang , Dimitris N. Metaxas

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have shown promise in improving the interpretability of neural network activations, but can learn features that are not features of the input, limiting their effectiveness. We propose \textsc{Mutual Feature…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-07 Luke Marks , Alasdair Paren , David Krueger , Fazl Barez

Local patterns of excitation and inhibition that can generate neural waves are studied as a computational mechanism underlying the organization of neuronal tunings. Sparse coding algorithms based on networks of excitatory and inhibitory…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2022-05-30 Leon Lufkin , Ashish Puri , Ganlin Song , Xinyi Zhong , John Lafferty

Implicit neural representations are a promising new avenue of representing general signals by learning a continuous function that, parameterized as a neural network, maps the domain of a signal to its codomain; the mapping from spatial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Jaeho Lee , Jihoon Tack , Namhoon Lee , Jinwoo Shin

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have shown promise in extracting interpretable features from complex neural networks. We present one of the first applications of SAEs to dense text embeddings from large language models, demonstrating their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Charles O'Neill , Christine Ye , Kartheik Iyer , John F. Wu

We have developed a sparse mathematical representation of speech that minimizes the number of active model neurons needed to represent typical speech sounds. The model learns several well-known acoustic features of speech such as harmonic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2012-09-25 Nicole L. Carlson , Vivienne L. Ming , Michael R. DeWeese

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) have recently emerged as a powerful tool for interpreting the internal representations of large language models (LLMs), revealing latent latent features with semantical meaning. This interpretability has also…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-11 Haoxiang Guan , Jiyan He , Jie Zhang

Sparse Autoencoders uncover thousands of features in vision models, yet explaining these features without requiring human intervention remains an open challenge. While previous work has proposed generating correlation-based explanations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Javier Ferrando , Enrique Lopez-Cuena , Pablo Agustin Martin-Torres , Daniel Hinjos , Anna Arias-Duart , Dario Garcia-Gasulla

Sparse autoencoders have recently produced dictionaries of high-dimensional vectors corresponding to the universe of concepts represented by large language models. We find that this concept universe has interesting structure at three…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-04-01 Yuxiao Li , Eric J. Michaud , David D. Baek , Joshua Engels , Xiaoqing Sun , Max Tegmark

Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a popular tool for interpreting the hidden states of large language models (LLMs). By learning to reconstruct activations from a sparse bottleneck layer, SAEs discover interpretable features from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Matthew Lyle Olson , Musashi Hinck , Neale Ratzlaff , Changbai Li , Phillip Howard , Vasudev Lal , Shao-Yen Tseng

Sparse coding algorithm is an learning algorithm mainly for unsupervised feature for finding succinct, a little above high - level Representation of inputs, and it has successfully given a way for Deep learning. Our objective is to use High…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-04-08 R. Vidya , Dr. G. M. Nasira , R. P. Jaia Priyankka

Feature selection is a dimensionality reduction technique that selects a subset of representative features from high dimensional data by eliminating irrelevant and redundant features. Recently, feature selection combined with sparse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Siwei Feng , Marco F. Duarte

We introduce sparse autoencoder neural operators (SAE-NOs), a new class of sparse autoencoders that operate in function spaces rather than fixed-dimensional Euclidean representations. We formalize the functional representation hypothesis,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Bahareh Tolooshams , Ailsa Shen , Anima Anandkumar
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