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Deep neural networks are usually trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD), which minimizes objective function using very rough approximations of gradient, only averaging to the real gradient. Standard approaches like momentum or ADAM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Jarek Duda

We develop a framework for analyzing the training and learning rate dynamics on a variety of high- dimensional optimization problems trained using one-pass stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with data generated from multiple anisotropic…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-17 Elizabeth Collins-Woodfin , Inbar Seroussi

We study the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) for a class of sequence models termed Sequence Single-Index (SSI) models, where the target depends on a single direction in input space applied to a sequence of tokens. This setting…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-13 Luca Arnaboldi , Bruno Loureiro , Ludovic Stephan , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborova

To understand feature learning dynamics in neural networks, recent theoretical works have focused on gradient-based learning of Gaussian single-index models, where the label is a nonlinear function of a latent one-dimensional projection of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Konstantinos Christopher Tsiolis , Alireza Mousavi-Hosseini , Murat A. Erdogdu

In this paper we fully describe the trajectory of gradient flow over diagonal linear networks in the limit of vanishing initialisation. We show that the limiting flow successively jumps from a saddle of the training loss to another until…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Scott Pesme , Nicolas Flammarion

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is a cornerstone algorithm for high-dimensional optimization, renowned for its empirical successes. Recent theoretical advances have provided a deep understanding of how SGD enables feature learning in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-23 Nived Rajaraman , Yanjun Han

We study the problem of gradient descent learning of a single-index target function $f_*(\boldsymbol{x}) = \textstyle\sigma_*\left(\langle\boldsymbol{x},\boldsymbol{\theta}\rangle\right)$ under isotropic Gaussian data in $\mathbb{R}^d$,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jason D. Lee , Kazusato Oko , Taiji Suzuki , Denny Wu

Characterizing and understanding the dynamics of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) around saddle points remains an open problem. We first show that saddle points in neural networks can be divided into two types, among which the Type-II…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-03 Liu Ziyin , Botao Li , Tomer Galanti , Masahito Ueda

Analyzing neural network dynamics via stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is crucial to building theoretical foundations for deep learning. Previous work has analyzed structured inputs within the \textit{hidden manifold model}, often under…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-01 Jaeyong Bae , Hawoong Jeong

It is currently known how to characterize functions that neural networks can learn with SGD for two extremal parameterizations: neural networks in the linear regime, and neural networks with no structural constraints. However, for the main…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Emmanuel Abbe , Enric Boix-Adsera , Theodor Misiakiewicz

The representation of functions by artificial neural networks depends on a large number of parameters in a non-linear fashion. Suitable parameters of these are found by minimizing a 'loss functional', typically by stochastic gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Stephan Wojtowytsch

Deep neural networks achieve stellar generalisation even when they have enough parameters to easily fit all their training data. We study this phenomenon by analysing the dynamics and the performance of over-parameterised two-layer neural…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-28 Sebastian Goldt , Madhu S. Advani , Andrew M. Saxe , Florent Krzakala , Lenka Zdeborová

We propose an algorithm for the adaptation of the learning rate for stochastic gradient descent (SGD) that avoids the need for validation set use. The idea for the adaptiveness comes from the technique of extrapolation: to get an estimate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-28 Antti Koskela , Antti Honkela

This manuscript investigates the one-pass stochastic gradient descent (SGD) dynamics of a two-layer neural network trained on Gaussian data and labels generated by a similar, though not necessarily identical, target function. We rigorously…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-14 Luca Arnaboldi , Ludovic Stephan , Florent Krzakala , Bruno Loureiro

Commonly used optimization algorithms often show a trade-off between good generalization and fast training times. For instance, stochastic gradient descent (SGD) tends to have good generalization; however, adaptive gradient methods have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Aditya Cowsik , Tankut Can , Paolo Glorioso

In this paper, we first present an explanation regarding the common occurrence of spikes in the training loss when neural networks are trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). We provide evidence that the spikes in the training loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Libin Zhu , Chaoyue Liu , Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Mikhail Belkin

We propose SWA-Gaussian (SWAG), a simple, scalable, and general purpose approach for uncertainty representation and calibration in deep learning. Stochastic Weight Averaging (SWA), which computes the first moment of stochastic gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Wesley Maddox , Timur Garipov , Pavel Izmailov , Dmitry Vetrov , Andrew Gordon Wilson

We present novel empirical observations regarding how stochastic gradient descent (SGD) navigates the loss landscape of over-parametrized deep neural networks (DNNs). These observations expose the qualitatively different roles of learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-31 Chen Xing , Devansh Arpit , Christos Tsirigotis , Yoshua Bengio

Neural networks are usually trained by some form of stochastic gradient descent (SGD)). A number of strategies are in common use intended to improve SGD optimization, such as learning rate schedules, momentum, and batching. These are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2015-08-13 Thomas M. Breuel

Training deep neural network is a high dimensional and a highly non-convex optimization problem. Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm and it's variations are the current state-of-the-art solvers for this task. However, due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-17 Xi He , Dheevatsa Mudigere , Mikhail Smelyanskiy , Martin Takáč