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We present automatically parameterised Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) for encrypted neural network inference and exemplify our inference over FHE compatible neural networks with our own open-source framework and reproducible examples.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-19 George Onoufriou , Marc Hanheide , Georgios Leontidis

Machine learning (ML) is widely used today, especially through deep neural networks (DNNs), however, increasing computational load and resource requirements have led to cloud-based solutions. To address this problem, a new generation of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Farzad Nikfam , Raffaele Casaburi , Alberto Marchisio , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique

The widespread deployment of products powered by machine learning models is raising concerns around data privacy and information security worldwide. To address this issue, Federated Learning was first proposed as a privacy-preserving…

Outsourced computation for neural networks allows users access to state of the art models without needing to invest in specialized hardware and know-how. The problem is that the users lose control over potentially privacy sensitive data.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Robert Podschwadt , Daniel Takabi , Peizhao Hu

The widespread adoption of Machine Learning as a Service raises critical privacy and security concerns, particularly about data confidentiality and trust in both cloud providers and the machine learning models. Homomorphic Encryption (HE)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Nges Brian Njungle , Eric Jahns , Michel A. Kinsy

Data privacy concerns often prevent the use of cloud-based machine learning services for sensitive personal data. While homomorphic encryption (HE) offers a potential solution by enabling computations on encrypted data, the challenge is to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-08 Kanthi Sarpatwar , Karthik Nandakumar , Nalini Ratha , James Rayfield , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Sharath Pankanti , Roman Vaculin

Convolutional neural network (CNN) inference using fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a promising private inference (PI) solution due to the capability of FHE that enables offloading the whole computation process to the server while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Donghwan Kim , Jaiyoung Park , Jongmin Kim , Sangpyo Kim , Jung Ho Ahn

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) emerges one of the most promising solutions to privacy-preserving computing in an untrusted cloud. FHE can be implemented by various schemes, each of which has distinctive advantages, i.e., some are good…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Lei Jiang , Lei Ju

Privacy-preserving deep neural network (DNN) inference is a necessity in different regulated industries such as healthcare, finance and retail. Recently, homomorphic encryption (HE) has been used as a method to enable analytics while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Moran Baruch , Nir Drucker , Lev Greenberg , Guy Moshkowich

Binarized Neural Networks (BNNs) are a class of deep neural networks designed to utilize minimal computational resources, which drives their popularity across various applications. Recent studies highlight the potential of mapping BNN model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Gokulnath Rajendran , Suman Deb , Anupam Chattopadhyay

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) represents a paradigm shift in cryptography, enabling computation directly on encrypted data and unlocking privacy-critical computation. Despite being increasingly deployed in real platforms, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Rian Adam Rajagede , Yan Solihin

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various graph-based learning tasks. However, enabling privacy-preserving GNNs in encrypted domains, such as under Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Kaixiang Zhao , Joseph Yousry Attalla , Qian Lou , Yushun Dong

Privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) have been proposed as a way to protect the privacy of data while still allowing for data analysis. In this work, we focus on Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE), a powerful tool that allows for arbitrary…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Jordan Frery , Andrei Stoian , Roman Bredehoft , Luis Montero , Celia Kherfallah , Benoit Chevallier-Mames , Arthur Meyre

Since the first theoretically feasible full homomorphic encryption (FHE) scheme was proposed in 2009, great progress has been achieved. These improvements have made FHE schemes come off the paper and become quite useful in solving some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Yuqi Guo , Lin Li , Zhongxiang Zheng , Hanrui Yun , Ruoyan Zhang , Xiaolin Chang , Zhixuan Gao

Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) refers to a set of encryption schemes that allow computations to be applied directly on encrypted data without requiring a secret key. This enables novel application scenarios where a client can safely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-02 Roshan Dathathri , Olli Saarikivi , Hao Chen , Kim Laine , Kristin Lauter , Saeed Maleki , Madanlal Musuvathi , Todd Mytkowicz

It has been a long standing problem to securely outsource computation tasks to an untrusted party with integrity and confidentiality guarantees. While fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is a promising technique that allows computations…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-05-21 Wenhao Wang , Yichen Jiang , Qintao Shen , Weihao Huang , Hao Chen , Shuang Wang , XiaoFeng Wang , Haixu Tang , Kai Chen , Kristin Lauter , Dongdai Lin

Every commercially available, state-of-the-art neural network consume plain input data, which is a well-known privacy concern. We propose a new architecture based on homomorphic encryption, which allows the neural network to operate on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Marcos Florencio , Luiz Alencar , Bianca Lima

Traditional approaches to vector similarity search over encrypted data rely on fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) to enable computation without decryption. However, the substantial computational overhead of FHE makes it impractical for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Dongfang Zhao

Fully homomorphic encryption (FHE) is one of the prospective tools for privacypreserving machine learning (PPML), and several PPML models have been proposed based on various FHE schemes and approaches. Although the FHE schemes are known as…

Fully homomorphic encryption enables arbitrary computation on encrypted data without decrypting the data. Here it is studied in the context of quantum information processing. Based on universal quantum circuit, we present a quantum fully…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-07-23 Min Liang