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Federated learning is a distributed learning technique where machine learning models are trained on client devices in which the local training data resides. The training is coordinated via a central server which is, typically, controlled by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-23 Buse Gul Atli , Yuxi Xia , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

Deep neural networks (DNNs) deployed in a cloud often allow users to query models via the APIs. However, these APIs expose the models to model extraction attacks (MEAs). In this attack, the attacker attempts to duplicate the target model by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Satoru Koda , Ikuya Morikawa

Pretraining on Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) has shown great power in facilitating various downstream tasks. As pretraining generally requires huge amount of data and computational resources, the pretrained GNNs are high-value Intellectual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Enyan Dai , Minhua Lin , Suhang Wang

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

Trigger set-based watermarking schemes have gained emerging attention as they provide a means to prove ownership for deep neural network model owners. In this paper, we argue that state-of-the-art trigger set-based watermarking algorithms…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-20 Suyoung Lee , Wonho Song , Suman Jana , Meeyoung Cha , Sooel Son

Deep learning, especially deep neural networks (DNNs), has been widely and successfully adopted in many critical applications for its high effectiveness and efficiency. The rapid development of DNNs has benefited from the existence of some…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-03 Yiming Li , Mingyan Zhu , Xue Yang , Yong Jiang , Tao Wei , Shu-Tao Xia

Machine learning models are being used in an increasing number of critical applications; thus, securing their integrity and ownership is critical. Recent studies observed that adversarial training and watermarking have a conflicting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Janvi Thakkar , Giulio Zizzo , Sergio Maffeis

The current work is focusing on the implementation of a robust watermarking algorithm for digital images, which is based on an innovative spread spectrum analysis algorithm for watermark embedding and on a content-based image retrieval…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2009-09-29 Dimitrios K. Tsolis , Spyros Sioutas , Theodore S. Papatheodorou

Backdoor-based watermarking schemes were proposed to protect the intellectual property of artificial intelligence models, especially deep neural networks, under the black-box setting. Compared with ordinary backdoors, backdoor-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Fangqi Li , Shilin Wang , Yun Zhu

A watermarking algorithm is proposed in this paper to address the copyright protection issue of implicit 3D models. The algorithm involves embedding watermarks into the images in the training set through an embedding network, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Lifeng Chen , Jia Liu , Yan Ke , Wenquan Sun , Weina Dong , Xiaozhong Pan

Fine-tuning attacks are effective in removing the embedded watermarks in deep learning models. However, when the source data is unavailable, it is challenging to just erase the watermark without jeopardizing the model performance. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Qi Zhong , Leo Yu Zhang , Shengshan Hu , Longxiang Gao , Jun Zhang , Yong Xiang

Data has been regarded as a valuable asset with the fast development of artificial intelligence technologies. In this paper, we introduce deep-learning neural network-based frequency-domain watermarking for protecting energy system time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Zhenghao Zhou , Yiyan Li , Xinjie Yu , Jian Ping , Xiaoyuan Xu , Zheng Yan , Mohammad Shahidehpour

Deep Learning (DL) models have caused a paradigm shift in our ability to comprehend raw data in various important fields, ranging from intelligence warfare and healthcare to autonomous transportation and automated manufacturing. A practical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Bita Darvish Rouhani , Huili Chen , Farinaz Koushanfar

Embedding watermarks into the output of generative models is essential for establishing copyright and verifiable ownership over the generated content. Emerging diffusion model watermarking methods either embed watermarks in the frequency…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-18 Yunzhuo Chen , Jordan Vice , Naveed Akhtar , Nur Al Hasan Haldar , Ajmal Mian

Recent fine-tuning techniques for diffusion models enable them to reproduce specific image sets, such as particular faces or artistic styles, but also introduce copyright and security risks. Dataset watermarking has been proposed to ensure…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Xincheng Wang , Hanchi Sun , Wenjun Sun , Kejun Xue , Wangqiu Zhou , Jianbo Zhang , Wei Sun , Dandan Zhu , Xiongkuo Min , Jun Jia , Zhijun Fang

Steganography and digital watermarking are the tasks of hiding recoverable data in image pixels. Deep neural network (DNN) based image steganography and watermarking techniques are quickly replacing traditional hand-engineered pipelines.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Shehzeen Hussain , Nojan Sheybani , Paarth Neekhara , Xinqiao Zhang , Javier Duarte , Farinaz Koushanfar

Untrustworthy users can misuse image generators to synthesize high-quality deepfakes and engage in unethical activities. Watermarking deters misuse by marking generated content with a hidden message, enabling its detection using a secret…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Nils Lukas , Abdulrahman Diaa , Lucas Fenaux , Florian Kerschbaum

Training deep neural networks (DNNs) requires large datasets and powerful computing resources, which has led some owners to restrict redistribution without permission. Watermarking techniques that embed confidential data into DNNs have been…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Seonhye Park , Alsharif Abuadbba , Shuo Wang , Kristen Moore , Yansong Gao , Hyoungshick Kim , Surya Nepal

The intellectual property of deep neural network (DNN) models can be protected with DNN watermarking, which embeds copyright watermarks into model parameters (white-box), model behavior (black-box), or model outputs (box-free), and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Yu Guo , Hangcheng Cao , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

Code datasets are of immense value for training neural-network-based code completion models, where companies or organizations have made substantial investments to establish and process these datasets. Unluckily, these datasets, either built…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhensu Sun , Xiaoning Du , Fu Song , Li Li