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Recent advances in prompt optimization have notably enhanced the performance of pre-trained language models (PLMs) on downstream tasks. However, the potential of optimized prompts on domain generalization has been under-explored. To explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Chengzhengxu Li , Xiaoming Liu , Zhaohan Zhang , Yichen Wang , Chen Liu , Yu Lan , Chao Shen

Modern language models (LMs) are not robust to out-of-distribution inputs. Machine generated (``optimized'') prompts can be used to modulate LM outputs and induce specific behaviors while appearing completely uninterpretable. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Rimon Melamed , Lucas H. McCabe , H. Howie Huang

What kinds of and how much data is necessary for language models to induce grammatical knowledge to judge sentence acceptability? Recent language models still have much room for improvement in their data efficiency compared to humans. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Miyu Oba , Yohei Oseki , Akiyo Fukatsu , Akari Haga , Hiroki Ouchi , Taro Watanabe , Saku Sugawara

We investigate the generalization capabilities of small language models under two popular adaptation paradigms: few-shot prompting and supervised fine-tuning. While prompting is often favored for its parameter efficiency and flexibility, it…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Rahul Raja , Arpita Vats

Prompt engineering is a technique that involves augmenting a large pre-trained model with task-specific hints, known as prompts, to adapt the model to new tasks. Prompts can be created manually as natural language instructions or generated…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Jindong Gu , Zhen Han , Shuo Chen , Ahmad Beirami , Bailan He , Gengyuan Zhang , Ruotong Liao , Yao Qin , Volker Tresp , Philip Torr

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities in different fields, including standard Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. To elicit knowledge from LLMs, prompts play a key role, consisting of natural language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Mohamed Bayan Kmainasi , Rakif Khan , Ali Ezzat Shahroor , Boushra Bendou , Maram Hasanain , Firoj Alam

Providing user-understandable explanations to justify recommendations could help users better understand the recommended items, increase the system's ease of use, and gain users' trust. A typical approach to realize it is natural language…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Lei Li , Yongfeng Zhang , Li Chen

Finetuning large pre-trained language models with a task-specific head has advanced the state-of-the-art on many natural language understanding benchmarks. However, models with a task-specific head require a lot of training data, making…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Pride Kavumba , Ryo Takahashi , Yusuke Oda

Large language models (LLMs) are excellent few-shot learners. They can perform a wide variety of tasks purely based on natural language prompts provided to them. These prompts contain data of a specific downstream task -- often the private…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Haonan Duan , Adam Dziedzic , Mohammad Yaghini , Nicolas Papernot , Franziska Boenisch

Large language models such as GPT-3 (Brown et al., 2020) can perform arbitrary tasks without undergoing fine-tuning after being prompted with only a few labeled examples. An arbitrary task can be reformulated as a natural language prompt,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Ajay Patel , Bryan Li , Mohammad Sadegh Rasooli , Noah Constant , Colin Raffel , Chris Callison-Burch

Since language models are used to model a wide variety of languages, it is natural to ask whether the neural architectures used for the task have inductive biases towards modeling particular types of languages. Investigation of these biases…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Jennifer C. White , Ryan Cotterell

Prompts used in recent large language model based applications are often fixed and lengthy, leading to significant computational overhead. To address this challenge, we propose Generative Prompt Internalization (GenPI), a lightweight method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Haebin Shin , Lei Ji , Yeyun Gong , Sungdong Kim , Eunbi Choi , Minjoon Seo

Over the past decade, extensive research efforts have been dedicated to the extraction of information from textual process descriptions. Despite the remarkable progress witnessed in natural language processing (NLP), information extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Julian Neuberger , Lars Ackermann , Han van der Aa , Stefan Jablonski

Large language models (LLMs) can be used as accessible and intelligent chatbots by constructing natural language queries and directly inputting the prompt into the large language model. However, different prompt' constructions often lead to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Jinta Weng , Jiarui Zhang , Yue Hu , Daidong Fa , Xiaofeng Xuand , Heyan Huang

Prompting is now a dominant method for evaluating the linguistic knowledge of large language models (LLMs). While other methods directly read out models' probability distributions over strings, prompting requires models to access this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jennifer Hu , Roger Levy

Prompts have been the center of progress in advancing language models' zero-shot and few-shot performance. However, recent work finds that models can perform surprisingly well when given intentionally irrelevant or misleading prompts. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Albert Webson , Alyssa Marie Loo , Qinan Yu , Ellie Pavlick

Despite the success of language models using neural networks, it remains unclear to what extent neural models have the generalization ability to perform inferences. In this paper, we introduce a method for evaluating whether neural models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Hitomi Yanaka , Koji Mineshima , Daisuke Bekki , Kentaro Inui

Prompts have been shown to be an effective method to adapt a frozen Pretrained Language Model (PLM) to perform well on downstream tasks. Prompts can be represented by a human-engineered word sequence or by a learned continuous embedding. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Jonathan Pilault , Can Liu , Mohit Bansal , Markus Dreyer

Large language models (LLMs) enable system builders today to create competent NLP systems through prompting, where they only need to describe the task in natural language and provide a few examples. However, in other ways, LLMs are a step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Vijay Viswanathan , Chenyang Zhao , Amanda Bertsch , Tongshuang Wu , Graham Neubig

Recent advances on instruction fine-tuning have led to the development of various prompting techniques for large language models, such as explicit reasoning steps. However, the success of techniques depends on various parameters, such as…