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High-quality data is scarce in large language model (LLM) training, yet how to schedule its use jointly with training dynamics lacks theoretical guidance. We extend functional scaling laws by incorporating a data-quality dimension, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhitao Zhu , Xili Wang , Shizhe Wu , Jiawei Fu , Xiaoqing Liu

The parameter size of modern large language models (LLMs) can be scaled up via the sparsely-activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) technique to avoid excessive increase of the computational costs. To further improve training efficiency,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Yunqi Gao , Bing Hu , Mahdi Boloursaz Mashhadi , A-Long Jin , Yanfeng Zhang , Pei Xiao , Rahim Tafazolli , Merouane Debbah

Designing deep learning-based solutions is becoming a race for training deeper models with a greater number of layers. While a large-size deeper model could provide competitive accuracy, it creates a lot of logistical challenges and…

Deep learning (DL) algorithms are often defined in terms of temporal relationships: a tensor at one timestep may depend on tensors from earlier or later timesteps. Such dynamic dependencies (and corresponding dynamic tensor shapes) are…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Pedro F. Silvestre , Peter Pietzuch

One significant challenge in the job scheduling of computing clusters for the development of deep learning algorithms is the efficient scheduling of trial-and-error (TE) job, the type of job in which the users seek to conduct small-scale…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-06 Hidehito Yabuuchi , Daisuke Taniwaki , Shingo Omura

Long-context supervised fine-tuning (Long-SFT) plays a vital role in enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) on long-context tasks. To smoothly adapt LLMs to long-context scenarios, this process typically entails training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Hongtao Xu , Wenting Shen , Yuanxin Wei , Ang Wang , Guo Runfan , Tianxing Wang , Yong Li , Mingzhen Li , Weile Jia

Sherpa is a hyperparameter optimization library for machine learning models. It is specifically designed for problems with computationally expensive, iterative function evaluations, such as the hyperparameter tuning of deep neural networks.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Lars Hertel , Julian Collado , Peter Sadowski , Jordan Ott , Pierre Baldi

Large-scale deep learning models contribute to significant performance improvements on varieties of downstream tasks. Current data and model parallelism approaches utilize model replication and partition techniques to support the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Youhe Jiang , Fangcheng Fu , Xupeng Miao , Xiaonan Nie , Bin Cui

Modern large language model (LLM) training is inherently dynamic: resource fluctuations, RLHF phase shifts, and cluster elasticity continually reshape the optimal parallelism layout, posing a significant challenge to existing training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuanqing Wang , Yuchen Zhang , Hao Lin , Junhao Hu , Chunyang Zhu , Quanlu Zhang , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Zhi Yang , Daning Cheng , Yunquan Zhang , Yu Wang

While long-context large language models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable document processing capabilities, their prohibitively high training costs often hinder customized applications. To mitigate this issue, we propose \textit{Sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Wenhao Li , Yuxin Zhang , Gen Luo , Daohai Yu , Rongrong Ji

Data is a critical asset for training large language models (LLMs), alongside compute resources and skilled workers. While some training data is publicly available, substantial investment is required to generate proprietary datasets, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mélissa Tamine , Otmane Sakhi , Benjamin Heymann

Large language models (LLM) have become a critical component in many applications of machine learning. However, standard approaches to training LLM require a large number of tightly interconnected accelerators, with devices exchanging…

Training large language models (LLMs) encounters challenges in GPU memory consumption due to the high memory requirements of model states. The widely used Zero Redundancy Optimizer (ZeRO) addresses this issue through strategic sharding but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Qiaoling Chen , Qinghao Hu , Guoteng Wang , Yingtong Xiong , Ting Huang , Xun Chen , Yang Gao , Hang Yan , Yonggang Wen , Tianwei Zhang , Peng Sun

Deep learning (DL) has become a key component of modern software. In the "big model" era, the rich features of DL-based software substantially rely on powerful DL models, e.g., BERT, GPT-3, and the recently emerging GPT-4, which are trained…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Xuanzhe Liu , Diandian Gu , Zhenpeng Chen , Jinfeng Wen , Zili Zhang , Yun Ma , Haoyu Wang , Xin Jin

Group-based reinforcement learning algorithms such as Group Reward Policy Optimization (GRPO) have proven effective for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with human feedback. However, generating and storing multiple responses per…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Liangyu Wang , Huanyi Xie , Xinhai Wang , Tianjin Huang , Mengdi Li , Di Wang

This work enhances the ability of large language models (LLMs) to perform complex reasoning in 3D scenes. Recent work has addressed the 3D situated reasoning task by invoking tool usage through large language models. Large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Jiayi Song , Rui Wan , Lipeng Ma , Weidong Yang , Qingyuan Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ben Fei

Resource-efficient training optimization techniques are becoming increasingly important as the size of large language models (LLMs) continues to grow. In particular, batch packing is commonly used in pre-training and supervised fine-tuning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jaekyung Cho

In this paper, we investigate the use of the deep learning method for solving a well-known NP-hard single machine scheduling problem with the objective of minimizing the total tardiness. We propose a deep neural network that acts as a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-28 Michal Bouška , Přemysl Šůcha , Antonín Novák , Zdeněk Hanzálek

The further development of deep neural networks is hampered by the limited GPU memory resource. Therefore, the optimization of GPU memory resources is highly demanded. Swapping and recomputation are commonly applied to make better use of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Yu Tang , Chenyu Wang , Yufan Zhang , Yuliang Liu , Xingcheng Zhang , Linbo Qiao , Zhiquan Lai , Dongsheng Li

Large language models~(LLMs) are known for their high demand on computing resources and memory due to their substantial model size, which leads to inefficient inference on moderate GPU systems. Techniques like quantization or pruning can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Wenxiang Lin , Xinglin Pan , Shaohuai Shi , Xuan Wang , Xiaowen Chu