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As demonstrated in many areas of real-life applications, neural networks have the capability of dealing with high dimensional data. In the fields of optimal control and dynamical systems, the same capability was studied and verified in many…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-04 Wei Kang , Qi Gong

Despite their successes, deep learning models struggle with tasks requiring complex reasoning and function composition. We present a theoretical and empirical investigation into the limitations of Structured State Space Models (SSMs) and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Nikola Zubić , Federico Soldá , Aurelio Sulser , Davide Scaramuzza

Humans are remarkably flexible when understanding new sentences that include combinations of concepts they have never encountered before. Recent work has shown that while deep networks can mimic some human language abilities when presented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-20 Yen-Ling Kuo , Boris Katz , Andrei Barbu

In the last decade, deep artificial neural networks have achieved astounding performance in many natural language processing tasks. Given the high productivity of language, these models must possess effective generalization abilities. It is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-27 Marco Baroni

Systematic generalization refers to the capacity to understand and generate novel combinations from known components. Despite recent progress by large language models (LLMs) across various domains, these models often fail to extend their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Philipp Mondorf , Shijia Zhou , Monica Riedler , Barbara Plank

How can neural networks perform so well on compositional tasks even though they lack explicit compositional representations? We use a novel analysis technique called ROLE to show that recurrent neural networks perform well on such tasks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Paul Soulos , Tom McCoy , Tal Linzen , Paul Smolensky

The fine-tuning of deep pre-trained models has revealed compositional properties, with multiple specialized modules that can be arbitrarily composed into a single, multi-task model. However, identifying the conditions that promote…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Angelo Porrello , Lorenzo Bonicelli , Pietro Buzzega , Monica Millunzi , Simone Calderara , Rita Cucchiara

One of the key limitations of modern deep learning approaches lies in the amount of data required to train them. Humans, by contrast, can learn to recognize novel categories from just a few examples. Instrumental to this rapid learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-20 Pavel Tokmakov , Yu-Xiong Wang , Martial Hebert

Mathematical reasoning---a core ability within human intelligence---presents some unique challenges as a domain: we do not come to understand and solve mathematical problems primarily on the back of experience and evidence, but on the basis…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-03 David Saxton , Edward Grefenstette , Felix Hill , Pushmeet Kohli

Despite a multitude of empirical studies, little consensus exists on whether neural networks are able to generalise compositionally, a controversy that, in part, stems from a lack of agreement about what it means for a neural model to be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-25 Dieuwke Hupkes , Verna Dankers , Mathijs Mul , Elia Bruni

Compositionality is one of the fundamental abilities of the human reasoning process, that allows to decompose a complex problem into simpler elements. Such property is crucial also for neural networks, especially when aiming for a more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Luigi Quarantiello , Andrea Cossu , Vincenzo Lomonaco

While neural networks have been successfully applied to many NLP tasks the resulting vector-based models are very difficult to interpret. For example it's not clear how they achieve {\em compositionality}, building sentence meaning from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-01-11 Jiwei Li , Xinlei Chen , Eduard Hovy , Dan Jurafsky

Achieving machine intelligence requires a smooth integration of perception and reasoning, yet models developed to date tend to specialize in one or the other; sophisticated manipulation of symbols acquired from rich perceptual spaces has so…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Eric Crawford , Guillaume Rabusseau , Joelle Pineau

A fundamental characteristic common to both human vision and natural language is their compositional nature. Yet, despite the performance gains contributed by large vision and language pretraining, we find that: across 7 architectures…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Zixian Ma , Jerry Hong , Mustafa Omer Gul , Mona Gandhi , Irena Gao , Ranjay Krishna

In traditional software programs, it is easy to trace program logic from variables back to input, apply assertion statements to block erroneous behavior, and compose programs together. Although deep learning programs have demonstrated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-27 Mike Wu , Noah Goodman , Stefano Ermon

In image captioning where fluency is an important factor in evaluation, e.g., $n$-gram metrics, sequential models are commonly used; however, sequential models generally result in overgeneralized expressions that lack the details that may…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Junjiao Tian , Jean Oh

Compositional generalization is a basic and essential intellective capability of human beings, which allows us to recombine known parts readily. However, existing neural network based models have been proven to be extremely deficient in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Qian Liu , Shengnan An , Jian-Guang Lou , Bei Chen , Zeqi Lin , Yan Gao , Bin Zhou , Nanning Zheng , Dongmei Zhang

Different types of reasoning impose different structural demands on representational systems, yet no systematic account of these demands exists across psychology, AI, and philosophy of mind. I propose a framework identifying four structural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yiling Wu

Visual scenes are composed of visual concepts and have the property of combinatorial explosion. An important reason for humans to efficiently learn from diverse visual scenes is the ability of compositional perception, and it is desirable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Jinyang Yuan , Tonglin Chen , Bin Li , Xiangyang Xue

Compositionality has long been considered a key explanatory property underlying human intelligence: arbitrary concepts can be composed into novel complex combinations, permitting the acquisition of an open ended, potentially infinite…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Jacob Russin , Sam Whitman McGrath , Danielle J. Williams