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As machine learning becomes increasingly prevalent in impactful decisions, recognizing when inference data is outside the model's expected input distribution is paramount for giving context to predictions. Out-of-distribution (OOD)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-19 Anish Lakkapragada , Amol Khanna , Edward Raff , Nathan Inkawhich

Improving the accuracy of deep neural networks (DNNs) on out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical to an acceptance of deep learning (DL) in real world applications. It has been observed that accuracies on in-distribution (ID) versus OOD…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Sara Fridovich-Keil , Brian R. Bartoldson , James Diffenderfer , Bhavya Kailkhura , Peer-Timo Bremer

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have become the de facto learning mechanism in different domains. Their tendency to perform unreliably on out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs hinders their adoption in critical domains. Several approaches have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-26 Vahdat Abdelzad , Krzysztof Czarnecki , Rick Salay

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains a fundamental challenge for deep neural networks, particularly due to overconfident predictions on unseen OOD samples during testing. We reveal a key insight: OOD samples predicted as the same…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yanqi Wu , Qichao Chen , Runhe Lai , Xinhua Lu , Jia-Xin Zhuang , Zhilin Zhao , Wei-Shi Zheng , Ruixuan Wang

Standard recognition approaches are unable to deal with novel categories at test time. Their overconfidence on the known classes makes the predictions unreliable for safety-critical applications such as healthcare or autonomous driving.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Lorenzo Li Lu , Giulia D'Ascenzi , Francesco Cappio Borlino , Tatiana Tommasi

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical issue for the stable and reliable operation of systems using a deep neural network (DNN). Although many OOD detection methods have been proposed, it remains unclear how the differences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Kazuki Uematsu , Kosuke Haruki , Taiji Suzuki , Mitsuhiro Kimura , Takahiro Takimoto , Hideyuki Nakagawa

A neural network trained on a classification dataset often exhibits a higher vector norm of hidden layer features for in-distribution (ID) samples, while producing relatively lower norm values on unseen instances from out-of-distribution…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Jaewoo Park , Jacky Chen Long Chai , Jaeho Yoon , Andrew Beng Jin Teoh

Many neural network-based out-of-distribution (OoD) detection methods have been proposed. However, they require many training data for each target task. We propose a simple yet effective meta-learning method to detect OoD with small…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Tomoharu Iwata , Atsutoshi Kumagai

LiDAR-based perception is critical for autonomous driving due to its robustness to poor lighting and visibility conditions. Yet, current models operate under the closed-set assumption and often fail to recognize unexpected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Zizhao Li , Zhengkang Xiang , Jiayang Ao , Feng Liu , Joseph West , Kourosh Khoshelham

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the robustness of machine learning models by identifying samples that deviate from the training distribution. While traditional OOD detection has primarily focused on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Shawn Li , Huixian Gong , Hao Dong , Tiankai Yang , Zhengzhong Tu , Yue Zhao

Neural networks have revolutionized the field of machine learning with increased predictive capability. In addition to improving the predictions of neural networks, there is a simultaneous demand for reliable uncertainty quantification on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Ethan Ancell , Christopher Bennett , Bert Debusschere , Sapan Agarwal , Park Hays , T. Patrick Xiao

Accurate trajectory prediction is essential for the safe operation of autonomous vehicles in real-world environments. Even well-trained machine learning models may produce unreliable predictions due to discrepancies between training data…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Tongfe Guo , Taposh Banerjee , Rui Liu , Lili Su

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical for ensuring the reliability of deep learning systems, particularly in safety-critical applications. Likelihood-based deep generative models have historically faced criticism for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Yifan Ding , Arturas Aleksandraus , Amirhossein Ahmadian , Jonas Unger , Fredrik Lindsten , Gabriel Eilertsen

LiDAR-based 3D object detection has become an essential part of automated driving due to its ability to localize and classify objects precisely in 3D. However, object detectors face a critical challenge when dealing with unknown foreground…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Michael Kösel , Marcel Schreiber , Michael Ulrich , Claudius Gläser , Klaus Dietmayer

Machine Learning classifiers used in Brain-Computer Interfaces make classifications based on the distribution of data they were trained on. When they need to make inferences on samples that fall outside of this distribution, they can only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Merlijn Quincent Mulder , Matias Valdenegro-Toro , Andreea Ioana Sburlea , Ivo Pascal de Jong

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the task of identifying data sampled from distributions that were not used during training. This task is essential for reliable machine learning and a better understanding of their generalization…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Kohei Fukuda , Hiroaki Aizawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies at the heart of robust artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to identify samples from novel distributions beyond the training set. Recent approaches have exploited feature representations as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Tarhib Al Azad , Faizul Rakib Sayem , Shahana Ibrahim

The discrepancy between in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) samples can lead to \textit{distributional vulnerability} in deep neural networks, which can subsequently lead to high-confidence predictions for OOD samples. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Kun-Yu Lin

We explore the utility of information contained within a dropout based Bayesian neural network (BNN) for the task of detecting out of distribution (OOD) data. We first show how previous attempts to leverage the randomized embeddings induced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-21 Andre T. Nguyen , Fred Lu , Gary Lopez Munoz , Edward Raff , Charles Nicholas , James Holt

In the dynamic realms of machine learning and deep learning, the robustness and reliability of models are paramount, especially in critical real-world applications. A fundamental challenge in this sphere is managing Out-of-Distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Yingrui Ji , Yao Zhu , Zhigang Li , Jiansheng Chen , Yunlong Kong , Jingbo Chen
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