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The goal of neuro-symbolic AI is to integrate symbolic and subsymbolic AI approaches, to overcome the limitations of either. Prominent systems include Logic Tensor Networks (LTN) or DeepProbLog, which offer neural predicates and end-to-end…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Stephen Roth , Lennart Baur , Derian Boer , Stefan Kramer

A hallmark of intelligence is the ability to use a familiar domain to make inferences about a less familiar domain, known as analogical reasoning. In this article, we delve into the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in dealing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Thilini Wijesiriwardene , Amit Sheth , Valerie L. Shalin , Amitava Das

This paper studies learning logic rules for reasoning on knowledge graphs. Logic rules provide interpretable explanations when used for prediction as well as being able to generalize to other tasks, and hence are critical to learn. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Meng Qu , Junkun Chen , Louis-Pascal Xhonneux , Yoshua Bengio , Jian Tang

Research on integrated neural-symbolic systems has made significant progress in the recent past. In particular the understanding of ways to deal with symbolic knowledge within connectionist systems (also called artificial neural networks)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Sebastian Bader , Pascal Hitzler

Recent advances in Wireless Physical Layer Foundation Models (WPFMs) promise a new paradigm of universal Radio Frequency (RF) representations. However, these models inherit critical limitations found in deep learning such as the lack of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-21 Jaron Fontaine , Mohammad Cheraghinia , John Strassner , Adnan Shahid , Eli De Poorter

This survey explores the integration of learning and reasoning in two different fields of artificial intelligence: neurosymbolic and statistical relational artificial intelligence. Neurosymbolic artificial intelligence (NeSy) studies the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Giuseppe Marra , Sebastijan Dumančić , Robin Manhaeve , Luc De Raedt

Symbolic has been long considered as a language of human intelligence while neural networks have advantages of robust computation and dealing with noisy data. The integration of neural-symbolic can offer better learning and reasoning while…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-23 Son N. Tran

Knowledge graphs (KGs) have recently been used for many tools and applications, making them rich resources in structured format. However, in the real world, KGs grow due to the additions of new knowledge in the form of entities and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Mehwish Alam , Genet Asefa Gesese , Pierre-Henri Paris

Knowledge graph embeddings are now a widely adopted approach to knowledge representation in which entities and relationships are embedded in vector spaces. In this chapter, we introduce the reader to the concept of knowledge graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Federico Bianchi , Gaetano Rossiello , Luca Costabello , Matteo Palmonari , Pasquale Minervini

Large language models (LLMs) continue to face challenges in reliably solving reasoning tasks, particularly those that require precise rule following, as often found in mathematical reasoning. This paper introduces a novel neurosymbolic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Varun Dhanraj , Chris Eliasmith

This paper develops an innovative method that enables neural networks to generate and utilize knowledge graphs, which describe their concept-level knowledge and optimize network parameters through alignment with human-provided knowledge.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Tangrui Li , Jun Zhou

This paper introduces a new metamodel-based knowledge representation that significantly improves autonomous learning and adaptation. While interest in hybrid machine learning / symbolic AI systems leveraging, for example, reasoning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Hugo Latapie , Ozkan Kilic , Gaowen Liu , Yan Yan , Ramana Kompella , Pei Wang , Kristinn R. Thorisson , Adam Lawrence , Yuhong Sun , Jayanth Srinivasa

Automated reasoning and theorem proving have recently become major challenges for machine learning. In other domains, representations that are able to abstract over unimportant transformations, such as abstraction over translations and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Miroslav Olšák , Cezary Kaliszyk , Josef Urban

Knowledge representation is a long-history topic in AI, which is very important. A variety of models have been proposed for knowledge graph embedding, which projects symbolic entities and relations into continuous vector space. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-02 Han Xiao , Minlie Huang , Xiaoyan Zhu

Despite significant progress in natural language understanding, Large Language Models (LLMs) remain error-prone when performing logical reasoning, often lacking the robust mental representations that enable human-like comprehension. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 François Olivier , Zied Bouraoui

As artificial intelligence (AI) systems advance, we move towards broad AI: systems capable of performing well on diverse tasks, understanding context, and adapting rapidly to new scenarios. A central challenge for broad AI systems is to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Marius-Constantin Dinu

Understanding how humans and AI systems interpret ambiguous visual stimuli offers critical insight into the nature of perception, reasoning, and decision-making. This paper examines image labeling performance across human participants and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Chethana Prasad Kabgere

Cybersecurity demands both rapid pattern recognition and deliberative reasoning, yet purely neural or purely symbolic approaches each address only one side of this duality. Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) AI bridges this gap by integrating learning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Safayat Bin Hakim , Muhammad Adil , Alvaro Velasquez , Shouhuai Xu , Houbing Herbert Song

Humans have the ability to seamlessly combine low-level visual input with high-level symbolic reasoning often in the form of recognising objects, learning relations between them and applying rules. Neuro-symbolic systems aim to bring a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Nuri Cingillioglu , Alessandra Russo

The integration of symbolic computing with neural networks has intrigued researchers since the first theorizations of Artificial intelligence (AI). The ability of Neuro-Symbolic (NeSy) methods to infer or exploit behavioral schema has been…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Giovanni Pio Delvecchio , Lorenzo Molfetta , Gianluca Moro
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