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In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization program (BP), where the feasible set of the lower level program is independent of the upper level variable. For bilevel programs it is known that the first order approach requires the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Kuang Bai , Wei Yao , Jane J. Ye , Jin Zhang

Bilevel learning refers to machine learning problems that can be formulated as bilevel optimization models, where decisions are organized in a hierarchical structure. This paradigm has recently gained considerable attention in machine…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Riccardo Grazzi , Massimiliano Pontil , Saverio Salzo , Alain Zemkoho

This paper introduces a novel double regularization scheme for bilevel optimization problems whose lower-level problem is composite and convex, but not necessarily strongly convex, in the lower-level variable. The analysis focuses on the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Mattia Solla , Johannes O. Royset

Bilevel programs (BPs) find a wide range of applications in fields such as energy, transportation, and machine learning. As compared to BPs with continuous (linear/convex) optimization problems in both levels, the BPs with discrete decision…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-25 Bo Zhou , Ruiwei Jiang , Siqian Shen

We propose an extended variant of the reformulation and decomposition algorithm for solving a special class of mixed-integer bilevel linear programs (MIBLPs) where continuous and integer variables are involved in both upper- and lower-level…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-07-03 Dajun Yue , Jiyao Gao , Bo Zeng , Fengqi You

In this paper we present BilevelJuMP, a new Julia package to support bilevel optimization within the JuMP framework. The package is a Julia library that enables the user to describe both upper and lower-level optimization problems using the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-12-21 Joaquim Dias Garcia , Guilherme Bodin , Alexandre Street

This article continues our study on simple bilevel and simple MPEC problems. In this article we focus on developing algorithms. We show how using the idea of a gap function one can represent a simple MPEC as a simple bilevel problem with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-12-16 Stephan Dempe , Nguyen Dinh , Joydeep Dutta , Tanushree Pandit

A large number of application problems involve two levels of optimization, where one optimization task is nested inside the other. These problems are known as bilevel optimization problems and have been studied by both classical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-05-09 Ankur Sinha , Zhichao Lu , Kalyanmoy Deb , Pekka Malo

We introduce the Morse parametric qualification condition for bilevel programming. Generic semi-algebraic functions are Morse parametric in a piecewise sense. Thus, bilevel programs with a Morse parametric lower level constitute a relevant…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Jérôme Bolte , Quoc-Tung Le , Edouard Pauwels , Samuel Vaiter

This article studies Gauss-Newton-type methods for over-determined systems to find solutions to bilevel programming problems. To proceed, we use the lower-level value function reformulation of bilevel programs and consider necessary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-09 Joerg Fliege , Andrey Tin , Alain Zemkoho

In this note we observe that for constrained convex minimization problems $\min_{x \in P}f(x)$ over a polytope $P$, dual prices for the linear program $\min_{z \in P} \nabla f(x) z$ obtained from linearization at approximately optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-08 Gábor Braun , Sebastian Pokutta

In this paper, we study a class of bilevel optimization problems, also known as simple bilevel optimization, where we minimize a smooth objective function over the optimal solution set of another convex constrained optimization problem.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-25 Ruichen Jiang , Nazanin Abolfazli , Aryan Mokhtari , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

Bilevel optimization enjoys a wide range of applications in emerging machine learning and signal processing problems such as hyper-parameter optimization, image reconstruction, meta-learning, adversarial training, and reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Han Shen , Quan Xiao , Tianyi Chen

We introduce a framework based on bilevel programming that unifies gradient-based hyperparameter optimization and meta-learning. We show that an approximate version of the bilevel problem can be solved by taking into explicit account the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-07-04 Luca Franceschi , Paolo Frasconi , Saverio Salzo , Riccardo Grazzi , Massimilano Pontil

Coordinate-wise minimization is a simple popular method for large-scale optimization. Unfortunately, for general (non-differentiable) convex problems it may not find global minima. We present a class of linear programs that coordinate-wise…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-09-15 Tomáš Dlask , Tomáš Werner

Bilevel optimization (BLO) problem, where two optimization problems (referred to as upper- and lower-level problems) are coupled hierarchically, has wide applications in areas such as machine learning and operations research. Recently, many…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-05-19 Xiaotian Jiang , Ioannis Tsaknakis , Prashant Khanduri , Mingyi Hong

This paper presents a canonical duality approach for solving a general topology optimization problem of nonlinear elastic structures. By using finite element method, this most challenging problem can be formulated as a mixed integer…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-06-29 David Yang Gao

This paper is concerned with the value function approach to multiobjective bilevel optimization which exploits a lower level frontier-type mapping in order to replace the hierarchical model of two interdependent multiobjective optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-30 Daniel Hoff , Patrick Mehlitz

In this article we intend to develop a simple and implementable algorithm for minimizing a convex function over the solution set of another convex optimization problem. Such a problem is often referred to as a simple bilevel programming…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-17 Stephan Dempe , Joydeep Duta , Tanushree Pandit , K. S. Mallikarjuna Rao

Multilevel programming is the standard framework for modeling hierarchical decision-making. In this paper, we characterize the computational complexity of deciding the existence of feasible and optimal solutions, as well as computing the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Nagisa Sugishita , Margarida Carvalho