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The slowing down of Moore's Law has led to a crisis as the computing workloads of Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms continue skyrocketing. There is an urgent need for scalable and energy-efficient hardware catering to the unique…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Shuvro Chowdhury , Kerem Y. Camsari

Digital computers store information in the form of bits that can take on one of two values 0 and 1, while quantum computers are based on qubits that are described by a complex wavefunction, whose squared magnitude gives the probability of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Jan Kaiser , Supriyo Datta

Computation in the past decades has been driven by deterministic computers based on classical deterministic bits. Recently, alternative computing paradigms and domain-based computing like quantum computing and probabilistic computing have…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Jan Kaiser , Risi Jaiswal , Behtash Behin-Aein , Supriyo Datta

Ongoing semiconductor scaling challenges and the rise of neuromorphic computing have sparked interest in exploring novel computing schemes to achieve higher power efficiency and computational capabilities. Probabilistic computing is one…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xuejian Zhang , John Arnesh Divakaruni Daniel , Neil Dilley , Zhihong Chen , Joerg Appenzeller

Probabilistic computing has emerged as a viable approach to treat optimization problems. To achieve superior computing performance, the key aspect during computation is massive sampling and tuning on the probability states of each…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yadi Wang , Bin Chen , Wenping Gao , Biying Ye , Chang Niu , Wenbin Wang , Yinyan Zhu , Weichao Yu , Hangwen Guo , Jian Shen

Extending Moore's law by augmenting complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors with emerging nanotechnologies (X) has become increasingly important. One important class of problems involve sampling-based Monte Carlo…

Probabilistic computing is a novel computing scheme that offers a more efficient approach than conventional CMOS-based logic in a variety of applications ranging from optimization to Bayesian inference, and invertible Boolean logic. The…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 John Daniel , Zheng Sun , Xuejian Zhang , Yuanqiu Tan , Neil Dilley , Zhihong Chen , Joerg Appenzeller

Probabilistic computing has been introduced to operate functional networks using a probabilistic bit (p-bit), generating 0 or 1 probabilistically from its electrical input. In contrast to quantum computers, probabilistic computing enables…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-10-27 Hyundo Jung , Hyunjin Kim , Woojin Lee , Jinwoo Jeon , Yohan Choi , Taehyeong Park , Chulwoo Kim

The nearing end of Moore's Law has been driving the development of domain-specific hardware tailored to solve a special set of problems. Along these lines, probabilistic computing with inherently stochastic building blocks (p-bits) have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Navid Anjum Aadit , Andrea Grimaldi , Giovanni Finocchio , Kerem Y. Camsari

We introduce the concept of a probabilistic or p-bit, intermediate between the standard bits of digital electronics and the emerging q-bits of quantum computing. We show that low barrier magnets or LBM's provide a natural physical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Kerem Y. Camsari , Brian M. Sutton , Supriyo Datta

In this paper we present a concrete design for a probabilistic (p-) computer based on a network of p-bits, robust classical entities fluctuating between -1 and +1, with probabilities that are controlled through an input constructed from the…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-08-25 Brian Sutton , Rafatul Faria , Lakshmi A. Ghantasala , Risi Jaiswal , Kerem Y. Camsari , Supriyo Datta

We propose a novel approach for precision measurement utilizing an ensemble of probabilistic bits (p-bits). This method leverages the inherent fluctuations of p-bits to achieve high sensitivity in various applications, including magnetic…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-08-08 Yunwen Liu , Jiang Xiao

Probabilistic computers offer promising solutions for computationally hard problems in domains such as combinatorial optimization and machine learning. A key building block in these systems is the probabilistic bit (p-bit), which relies on…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ju-Young Yoon , Nuno Cacoilo , Advait Madhavan , Jabez J. McClelland , Shun Kanai , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami , William A. Borders

Probabilistic (p-) computing, which leverages the stochasticity of its building blocks (p-bits) to solve a variety of computationally hard problems, has recently emerged as a promising physics-inspired hardware accelerator platform. A…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-05-02 Sagnik Banerjee , Shiva T. Konakanchi , Supriyo Datta , Pramey Upadhyaya

Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) and probabilistic bit (p-bit)-based computing platforms have emerged as promising paradigms for tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. Although traditionally viewed as distinct approaches,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 E. M. Hasantha Ekanayake , Nikhat Khan , Nikhil Shukla

Probabilistic computing using probabilistic bits (p-bits) presents an efficient alternative to traditional CMOS logic for complex problem-solving, including simulated annealing and machine learning. Realizing p-bits with emerging devices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Naoya Onizawa , Takahiro Hanyu

The success of the transistor as the cornerstone of digital computation motivates analogous efforts to identify an equivalent hardware primitive, the probabilistic bit or p-bit, for the emerging paradigm of probabilistic computing. Here, we…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Abir Hasan , Nikhil Shukla

The proliferation of probabilistic AI has prompted proposals for specialized stochastic computers. Despite promising efficiency gains, these proposals have failed to gain traction because they rely on fundamentally limited modeling…

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar
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