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We present LegalSim, a modular multi-agent simulation of adversarial legal proceedings that explores how AI systems can exploit procedural weaknesses in codified rules. Plaintiff and defendant agents choose from a constrained action space…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sanket Badhe

Recent research has demonstrated the potential of reinforcement learning (RL) in enabling effective multi-robot collaboration, particularly in social dilemmas where robots face a trade-off between self-interests and collective benefits.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Shahab Nikkhoo , Zexin Li , Aritra Samanta , Yufei Li , Cong Liu

Strategy learning in game environments with multi-agent is a challenging problem. Since each agent's reward is determined by the joint strategy, a greedy learning strategy that aims to maximize its own reward may fall into a local optimum.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xinyu Qiao , Yudong Hu , Congying Han , Weiyan Wu , Tiande Guo

As an important psychological and social experiment, the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma (IPD) treats the choice to cooperate or defect as an atomic action. We propose to study the behaviors of online learning algorithms in the Iterated…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-30 Baihan Lin , Djallel Bouneffouf , Guillermo Cecchi

This paper presents a controlled study of adversarial reinforcement learning in network security through a custom OpenAI Gym environment that models brute-force attacks and reactive defenses on multi-port services. The environment captures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Abrar Shahid , Ibteeker Mahir Ishum , AKM Tahmidul Haque , M Sohel Rahman , A. B. M. Alim Al Islam

We propose a planning and perception mechanism for a robot (agent), that can only observe the underlying environment partially, in order to solve an image classification problem. A three-layer architecture is suggested that consists of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-24 Hossein K. Mousavi , Guangyi Liu , Weihang Yuan , Martin Takáč , Héctor Muñoz-Avila , Nader Motee

Autocurricular training is an important sub-area of multi-agent reinforcement learning~(MARL) that allows multiple agents to learn emergent skills in an unsupervised co-evolving scheme. The robotics community has experimented autocurricular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Boling Yang , Liyuan Zheng , Lillian J. Ratliff , Byron Boots , Joshua R. Smith

In this paper I present several algorithmic techniques for improving the decision process of multiple types of agents behaving in environments where their interests are in conflict. The interactions between the agents are modelled by using…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2009-08-04 Mugurel Ionut Andreica

The increasing adoption of Reinforcement Learning in safety-critical systems domains such as autonomous vehicles, health, and aviation raises the need for ensuring their safety. Existing safety mechanisms such as adversarial training,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Paulina Stevia Nouwou Mindom , Amin Nikanjam , Foutse Khomh , John Mullins

A significant element of human cooperative intelligence lies in our ability to identify opportunities for fruitful collaboration; and conversely to recognise when the task at hand is better pursued alone. Research on flexible cooperation in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Max Taylor-Davies , Neil Bramley , Christopher G. Lucas

Most reinforcement learning algorithms seek a single optimal strategy that solves a given task. However, it can often be valuable to learn a diverse set of solutions, for instance, to make an agent's interaction with users more engaging, or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Wentse Chen , Shiyu Huang , Yuan Chiang , Tim Pearce , Wei-Wei Tu , Ting Chen , Jun Zhu

A number of recent approaches to policy learning in 2D game domains have been successful going directly from raw input images to actions. However when employed in complex 3D environments, they typically suffer from challenges related to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-12-02 Shehroze Bhatti , Alban Desmaison , Ondrej Miksik , Nantas Nardelli , N. Siddharth , Philip H. S. Torr

In Formula 1, race strategies are adapted according to evolving race conditions and competitors' actions. This paper proposes a reinforcement learning approach for multi-agent race strategy optimization. Agents learn to balance energy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Giona Fieni , Joschua Wüthrich , Marc-Philippe Neumann , Christopher H. Onder

This paper introduces a novel enhancement to the Decentralized Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (D-MARL) exploration by proposing communication-induced action space to improve the mapping efficiency of unknown environments using…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos

Multi-agent systems built from teams of large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for collaborative scientific reasoning and problem-solving. These systems require agents to coordinate under shared constraints, such as GPUs or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Shivani Kumar , Adarsh Bharathwaj , David Jurgens

This paper introduces a reinforcement learning framework that enables controllable and diverse player behaviors without relying on human gameplay data. Existing approaches often require large-scale player trajectories, train separate models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Atahan Cilan , Atay Özgövde

In this paper, we explore using deep reinforcement learning for problems with multiple agents. Most existing methods for deep multi-agent reinforcement learning consider only a small number of agents. When the number of agents increases,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-24 Arbaaz Khan , Clark Zhang , Daniel D. Lee , Vijay Kumar , Alejandro Ribeiro

The objective of this work is to evaluate multi-agent artificial intelligence methods when deployed on teams of unmanned surface vehicles (USV) in an adversarial environment. Autonomous agents were evaluated in real-world scenarios using…

In this work, we develop a reinforcement learning protocol for a multiagent coordination task in a discrete state and action space: an iterated prisoner's dilemma game extended into a team based, winner-take all tournament, which forces the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-06-18 Aaron Goodman

Many challenges remain before AI agents can be deployed in real-world environments. However, one virtue of such environments is that they are inherently multi-agent and contain human experts. Using advanced social intelligence in such an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Eric Ye , Ren Tao , Natasha Jaques