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Batch normalization (BN) has become a standard technique for training the modern deep networks. However, its effectiveness diminishes when the batch size becomes smaller, since the batch statistics estimation becomes inaccurate. That…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Chunjie Luo , Jianfeng Zhan , Lei Wang , Wanling Gao

The standard normalization method for neural network (NN) models used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) is layer normalization (LN). This is different than batch normalization (BN), which is widely-adopted in Computer Vision. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-21 Sheng Shen , Zhewei Yao , Amir Gholami , Michael W. Mahoney , Kurt Keutzer

Batch Normalization (BN) and its variants have delivered tremendous success in combating the covariate shift induced by the training step of deep learning methods. While these techniques normalize feature distributions by standardizing with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Mandy Lu , Qingyu Zhao , Jiequan Zhang , Kilian M. Pohl , Li Fei-Fei , Juan Carlos Niebles , Ehsan Adeli

Post-training quantization (PTQ) reduces excessive hardware cost by quantizing full-precision models into lower bit representations on a tiny calibration set, without retraining. Despite the remarkable progress made through recent efforts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Junrui Xiao , Zhikai Li , Lianwei Yang , Yiduo Mei , Qingyi Gu

A critically important, ubiquitous, and yet poorly understood ingredient in modern deep networks (DNs) is batch normalization (BN), which centers and normalizes the feature maps. To date, only limited progress has been made understanding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Randall Balestriero , Richard G. Baraniuk

This paper studies continual test-time adaptation (CTTA), the task of adapting a model to constantly changing unseen domains in testing while preserving previously learned knowledge. Existing CTTA methods mostly focus on adaptation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sohyun Lee , Nayeong Kim , Juwon Kang , Seong Joon Oh , Suha Kwak

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task investigates effective domain adaptation under the scenario of continuous domain shifts during testing time. Due to the utilization of solely unlabeled samples, there exists significant uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fan Lyu , Kaile Du , Yuyang Li , Hanyu Zhao , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Guangcan Liu , Liang Wang

Normalization methods are a central building block in the deep learning toolbox. They accelerate and stabilize training, while decreasing the dependence on manually tuned learning rate schedules. When learning from multi-modal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-10-15 Lucas Deecke , Iain Murray , Hakan Bilen

Batch normalization (BN) is a fundamental unit in modern deep networks, in which a linear transformation module was designed for improving BN's flexibility of fitting complex data distributions. In this paper, we demonstrate properly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Yuhui Xu , Lingxi Xie , Cihang Xie , Jieru Mei , Siyuan Qiao , Wei Shen , Hongkai Xiong , Alan Yuille

Sensor drift is a long-existing unpredictable problem that deteriorates the performance of gaseous substance recognition, calling for an antidrift domain adaptation algorithm. However, the prerequisite for traditional methods to achieve…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2022-03-29 Yuelin Zhang , Sihao Xiang , Zehuan Wang , Xiaoyan Peng , Yutong Tian , Shukai Duan , Jia Yan

This study develops a higher-order asymptotic framework for test-time adaptation (TTA) of Batch Normalization (BN) statistics under distribution shift by integrating classical Edgeworth expansion and saddlepoint approximation techniques…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-23 Masanari Kimura

Batch Normalization (BatchNorm) is a widely adopted technique that enables faster and more stable training of deep neural networks (DNNs). Despite its pervasiveness, the exact reasons for BatchNorm's effectiveness are still poorly…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-16 Shibani Santurkar , Dimitris Tsipras , Andrew Ilyas , Aleksander Madry

Generalizing neural networks to unseen target domains is a significant challenge in real-world deployments. Test-time training (TTT) addresses this by using an auxiliary self-supervised task to reduce the domain gap caused by distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Wooseong Jeong , Jegyeong Cho , Youngho Yoon , Kuk-Jin Yoon

Unsupervised domain transfer is the task of transferring or translating samples from a source distribution to a different target distribution. Current solutions unsupervised domain transfer often operate on data on which the modes of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Mikołaj Bińkowski , R Devon Hjelm , Aaron Courville

Batch Normalization (BN) is widely used in {centralized} deep learning to improve convergence and generalization. However, in {federated} learning (FL) with decentralized data, prior work has observed that training with BN could hinder…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jike Zhong , Hong-You Chen , Wei-Lun Chao

Despite progress, deep neural networks still suffer performance declines under distribution shifts between training and test domains, leading to a substantial decrease in Quality of Experience (QoE) for multimedia applications. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Qinting Jiang , Chuyang Ye , Dongyan Wei , Yuan Xue , Jingyan Jiang , Zhi Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts for streaming test data in unsupervised settings. Currently, most TTA methods can only deal with minor shifts and rely heavily on heuristic and empirical studies. To advance TTA under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Shurui Gui , Xiner Li , Shuiwang Ji

Batch Normalization (BN) has become a core design block of modern Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). A typical modern CNN has a large number of BN layers in its lean and deep architecture. BN requires mean and variance calculations over…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-03-04 Wonkyung Jung , Daejin Jung , and Byeongho Kim , Sunjung Lee , Wonjong Rhee , Jung Ho Ahn

Batch Normalization (BN)(Ioffe and Szegedy 2015) normalizes the features of an input image via statistics of a batch of images and hence BN will bring the noise to the gradient of the training loss. Previous works indicate that the noise is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Senwei Liang , Zhongzhan Huang , Mingfu Liang , Haizhao Yang

Batch normalization (BN) is comprised of a normalization component followed by an affine transformation and has become essential for training deep neural networks. Standard initialization of each BN in a network sets the affine…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Jim Davis , Logan Frank