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Time, cost, and energy efficiency are critical considerations in Deep-Learning (DL), particularly when processing long texts. Transformers, which represent the current state of the art, exhibit quadratic computational complexity relative to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Fardin Rastakhiz

Recently, the development of pre-trained language models has brought natural language processing (NLP) tasks to the new state-of-the-art. In this paper we explore the efficiency of various pre-trained language models. We pre-train a list of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Tong Guo

Natural Language Processing (NLP) has witnessed a transformative leap with the advent of transformer-based architectures, which have significantly enhanced the ability of machines to understand and generate human-like text. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Tianhao Wu , Yu Wang , Ngoc Quach

The lack of diversity in the datasets available for automatic summarization of documents has meant that the vast majority of neural models for automatic summarization have been trained with news articles. These datasets are relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Roger Barrull , Jugal Kalita

Despite being the current de-facto models in most NLP tasks, transformers are often limited to short sequences due to their quadratic attention complexity on the number of tokens. Several attempts to address this issue were studied, either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Amine Abdaoui , Sourav Dutta

Text classification is a very common task nowadays and there are many efficient methods and algorithms that we can employ to accomplish it. Transformers have revolutionized the field of deep learning, particularly in Natural Language…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Christos Petridis

Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art results in a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks including document summarization. Typically these systems are trained by fine-tuning a large pre-trained model to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Potsawee Manakul , Mark J. F. Gales

Text classification algorithms investigate the intricate relationships between words or phrases and attempt to deduce the document's interpretation. In the last few years, these algorithms have progressed tremendously. Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Snehal Khandve , Vedangi Wagh , Apurva Wani , Isha Joshi , Raviraj Joshi

Transformers-based models, such as BERT, have dramatically improved the performance for various natural language processing tasks. The clinical knowledge enriched model, namely ClinicalBERT, also achieved state-of-the-art results when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-18 Yikuan Li , Ramsey M. Wehbe , Faraz S. Ahmad , Hanyin Wang , Yuan Luo

Transformers are the dominant architecture for sequence modeling, but there is growing interest in models that use a fixed-size latent state that does not depend on the sequence length, which we refer to as "generalized state space models"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Samy Jelassi , David Brandfonbrener , Sham M. Kakade , Eran Malach

Transformer models cannot easily scale to long sequences due to their O(N^2) time and space complexity. This has led to Transformer variants seeking to lower computational complexity, such as Longformer and Performer. While such models have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Guanghui Qin , Yukun Feng , Benjamin Van Durme

This paper does not aim at introducing a novel model for document-level neural machine translation. Instead, we head back to the original Transformer model and hope to answer the following question: Is the capacity of current models strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-15 Zewei Sun , Mingxuan Wang , Hao Zhou , Chengqi Zhao , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen , Lei Li

The quadratic complexity of self-attention in Transformers has hindered the processing of long text. To alleviate this problem, previous works have proposed to sparsify the attention matrix, taking advantage of the observation that crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Ziwei He , Jian Yuan , Le Zhou , Jingwen Leng , Bo Jiang

Despite the empirical success of prompt tuning in adapting pretrained language models to new tasks, theoretical analyses of its capabilities remain limited. Existing theoretical work primarily addresses universal approximation properties,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Maxime Meyer , Mario Michelessa , Caroline Chaux , Vincent Y. F. Tan

Contextual embeddings derived from transformer-based neural language models have shown state-of-the-art performance for various tasks such as question answering, sentiment analysis, and textual similarity in recent years. Extensive work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Brihi Joshi , Neil Shah , Francesco Barbieri , Leonardo Neves

Transformer is important for text modeling. However, it has difficulty in handling long documents due to the quadratic complexity with input text length. In order to handle this problem, we propose a hierarchical interactive Transformer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Chuhan Wu , Fangzhao Wu , Tao Qi , Yongfeng Huang

Large Transformer models routinely achieve state-of-the-art results on a number of tasks but training these models can be prohibitively costly, especially on long sequences. We introduce two techniques to improve the efficiency of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Nikita Kitaev , Łukasz Kaiser , Anselm Levskaya

Transformer-based language models have recently been at the forefront of active research in text generation. However, these models' advances come at the price of prohibitive training costs, with parameter counts in the billions and compute…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Gabriel Lindenmaier , Sean Papay , Sebastian Padó

Transformers have revolutionized machine learning with their simple yet effective architecture. Pre-training Transformers on massive text datasets from the Internet has led to unmatched generalization for natural language understanding…

Transformer-based models are unable to process long sequences due to their self-attention operation, which scales quadratically with the sequence length. To address this limitation, we introduce the Longformer with an attention mechanism…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-03 Iz Beltagy , Matthew E. Peters , Arman Cohan