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Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

Feature representation is an important aspect of remote-sensing based image classification. While deep convolutional neural networks are able to effectively amalgamate information, large numbers of parameters often make learned features…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-07 Joshua Peeples , Sarah Walker , Connor McCurley , Alina Zare , James Keller , Weihuang Xu

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding and its variants are widely used dimensionality reduction techniques -- despite their popularity, no theoretical results are known. We prove that the optimal SNE embedding of well-separated clusters from high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-02-24 Uri Shaham , Stefan Steinerberger

The clustering and visualisation of high-dimensional data is a ubiquitous task in modern data science. Popular techniques include nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods like t-SNE or UMAP. These methods face the `scale-problem' of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-20 Jack Kendrick

Modern datasets and models are notoriously difficult to explore and analyze due to their inherent high dimensionality and massive numbers of samples. Existing visualization methods which employ dimensionality reduction to two or three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-01 David M. Chan , Roshan Rao , Forrest Huang , John F. Canny

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) is a popular and prize-winning approach for dimensionality reduction and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, tSNE is non-parametric: once visualization is built, tSNE is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Andrey Boytsov , Francois Fouquet , Thomas Hartmann , Yves LeTraon

A fundamental task in machine learning involves visualizing high-dimensional data sets that arise in high-impact application domains. When considering the context of large imbalanced data, this problem becomes much more challenging. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Parisa Hajibabaee , Farhad Pourkamali-Anaraki , Mohammad Amin Hariri-Ardebili

Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE are designed to preserve local neighborhood structure but do not explicitly account for how probability mass is distributed, often leading to distortions of data density. We reformulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maksim Kazanskii

Neighbour embeddings (NE) allow the representation of high dimensional datasets into lower dimensional spaces and are often used in data visualisation. In practice, accelerated approximations are employed to handle very large datasets.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Pierre Lambert , Edouard Couplet , Michel Verleysen , John Aldo Lee

High-dimensional imaging is becoming increasingly relevant in many fields from astronomy and cultural heritage to systems biology. Visual exploration of such high-dimensional data is commonly facilitated by dimensionality reduction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Alexander Vieth , Anna Vilanova , Boudewijn Lelieveldt , Elmar Eisemann , Thomas Höllt

The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (tSNE) algorithm has become in recent years one of the most used and insightful techniques for the exploratory data analysis of high-dimensional data. tSNE reveals clusters of high-dimensional…

Network Embeddings (NEs) map the nodes of a given network into $d$-dimensional Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$. Ideally, this mapping is such that `similar' nodes are mapped onto nearby points, such that the NE can be used for purposes such…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-17 Bo Kang , Jefrey Lijffijt , Tijl De Bie

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is one of the most widely used dimensionality reduction methods for data visualization, but it has a perplexity hyperparameter that requires manual selection. In practice, proper tuning of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-11 Yanshuai Cao , Luyu Wang

t-SNE is a popular tool for embedding multi-dimensional datasets into two or three dimensions. However, it has a large computational cost, especially when the input data has many dimensions. Many use t-SNE to embed the output of a neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Rikhav Shah , Sandeep Silwal

Nonlinear data visualization using t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) enables the representation of complex single-cell transcriptomic landscapes in two or three dimensions to depict biological populations accurately.…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2024-10-02 Hui Ma , Kai Chen

Subspace clustering refers to the problem of clustering high-dimensional data points into a union of low-dimensional linear subspaces, where the number of subspaces, their dimensions and orientations are all unknown. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-03-17 Reinhard Heckel , Eirikur Agustsson , Helmut Bölcskei

We introduce an improved unsupervised clustering protocol specially suited for large-scale structured data. The protocol follows three steps: a dimensionality reduction of the data, a density estimation over the low dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Joan Garriga , Frederic Bartumeus

What makes images similar? To measure the similarity between images, they are typically embedded in a feature-vector space, in which their distance preserve the relative dissimilarity. However, when learning such similarity embeddings the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-04-11 Andreas Veit , Serge Belongie , Theofanis Karaletsos

Molecular simulation trajectories represent high-dimensional data. Such data can be visualized by methods of dimensionality reduction. Non-linear dimensionality reduction methods are likely to be more efficient than linear ones due to the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-08-24 Vojtěch Spiwok , Pavel Kříž

Signed networks are mathematical structures that encode positive and negative relations between entities such as friend/foe or trust/distrust. Recently, several papers studied the construction of useful low-dimensional representations…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-11-06 Alexandru Mara , Yoosof Mashayekhi , Jefrey Lijffijt , Tijl De Bie