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When learning a task as a team, some agents in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) may fail to understand their true impact in the performance of the team. Such agents end up learning sub-optimal policies, demonstrating undesired lazy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Rafael Pina , Varuna De Silva , Corentin Artaud

Deep Reinforcement Learning has made significant progress in multi-agent systems in recent years. In this review article, we have focused on presenting recent approaches on Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Afshin OroojlooyJadid , Davood Hajinezhad

In recent years, multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has presented impressive performance in various applications. However, physical limitations, budget restrictions, and many other factors usually impose \textit{constraints} on a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Zhaoxing Yang , Rong Ding , Haiming Jin , Yifei Wei , Haoyi You , Guiyun Fan , Xiaoying Gan , Xinbing Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has witnessed significant progress with the development of value function factorization methods. It allows optimizing a joint action-value function through the maximization of factorized per-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Hanhan Zhou , Tian Lan , Vaneet Aggarwal

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) algorithms face the challenge of efficient exploration due to the exponential increase in the size of the joint state-action space. While demonstration-guided learning has proven beneficial in…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Peihong Yu , Manav Mishra , Alec Koppel , Carl Busart , Priya Narayan , Dinesh Manocha , Amrit Bedi , Pratap Tokekar

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has attracted much research attention recently. However, unlike its single-agent counterpart, many theoretical and algorithmic aspects of MARL have not been well-understood. In this paper, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Siliang Zeng , Tianyi Chen , Alfredo Garcia , Mingyi Hong

Multi-agent actor-critic algorithms are an important part of the Reinforcement Learning paradigm. We propose three fully decentralized multi-agent natural actor-critic (MAN) algorithms in this work. The objective is to collectively find a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Prashant Trivedi , Nandyala Hemachandra

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) is a branch of machine learning in which agents interact and learn optimal policies through trial and error, addressing complex scenarios where multiple agents interact and learn in the same…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Changhee Lee , Jeongmin Rhee , DongHwa Shin

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has gained significant interest in recent years, enabling sequential decision-making across multiple agents in various domains. However, most existing explanation methods focus on centralized MARL,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) has been successful in solving many cooperative challenges. However, classic non-hierarchical MARL algorithms still cannot address various complex multi-agent problems that require hierarchical…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Qingxu Fu , Tenghai Qiu , Jianqiang Yi , Zhiqiang Pu , Xiaolin Ai

We consider multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) for cooperative communication and coordination tasks. MARL agents can be brittle because they can overfit their training partners' policies. This overfitting can produce agents that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Tessa van der Heiden , Herke van Hoof , Efstratios Gavves , Christoph Salge

Multi-agent systems are characterized by environmental uncertainty, varying policies of agents, and partial observability, which result in significant risks. In the context of Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), learning coordinated…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Siqi Shen , Chennan Ma , Chao Li , Weiquan Liu , Yongquan Fu , Songzhu Mei , Xinwang Liu , Cheng Wang

Multi-agent systems (MAS) have shown great potential in executing complex tasks, but coordination and safety remain significant challenges. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) offers a promising framework for agent collaboration, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Ziqi Jia , Junjie Li , Xiaoyang Qu , Jianzong Wang

Evaluating deep multiagent reinforcement learning (MARL) algorithms is complicated by stochasticity in training and sensitivity of agent performance to the behavior of other agents. We propose a meta-game evaluation framework for deep MARL,…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Zun Li , Michael P. Wellman

Advances in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) enable sequential decision making for a range of exciting multi-agent applications such as cooperative AI and autonomous driving. Explaining agent decisions is crucial for improving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Kayla Boggess , Sarit Kraus , Lu Feng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in completing various tasks. However, solving complex problems often requires the coordination of multiple agents, raising a fundamental question: how to effectively select and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Eric Hanchen Jiang , Levina Li , Rui Sun , Xiao Liang , Yubei Li , Yuchen Wu , Haozheng Luo , Hengli Li , Zhi Zhang , Zhaolu Kang , Kai-Wei Chang , Ying Nian Wu

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) achieves encouraging performance in solving complex tasks. However, the safety of MARL policies is one critical concern that impedes their real-world applications. Popular multi-agent benchmarks…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Lijun Sun , Yu-Cheng Chang , Chao Lyu , Chin-Teng Lin , Yuhui Shi

Multi-agent systems have evolved into practical LLM-driven collaborators for many applications, gaining robustness from diversity and cross-checking. However, multi-agent RL (MARL) training is resource-intensive and unstable: co-adapting…

The necessity for cooperation among intelligent machines has popularised cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in the artificial intelligence (AI) research community. However, many research endeavors have been focused on…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Xidong Feng , Shiyao Ding , Hao Dong , Jun Wang , Yaodong Yang

We study multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) in a stochastic network of agents. The objective is to find localized policies that maximize the (discounted) global reward. In general, scalability is a challenge in this setting because…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Yiheng Lin , Guannan Qu , Longbo Huang , Adam Wierman