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Stackelberg equilibria have become increasingly important as a solution concept in computational game theory, largely inspired by practical problems such as security settings. In practice, however, there is typically uncertainty regarding…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-11-23 Christian Kroer , Gabriele Farina , Tuomas Sandholm

Follow-the-regularized-leader (FTRL) algorithms have become popular in the context of games, providing easy-to-implement methods for each agent, as well as theoretical guarantees that the strategies of all agents will converge to some…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-31 Heling Zhang , Siqi Du , Roy Dong

Recent research in multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) has shown success in learning social behavior and cooperation. Social dilemmas between agents in mixed-sum settings have been studied extensively, but there is little research…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Ram Rachum , Yonatan Nakar , Reuth Mirsky

The $1-N$ generalized Stackelberg game (single-leader multi-follower game) is intricately intertwined with the interaction between a leader and followers (hierarchical interaction) and the interaction among followers (simultaneous…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-12 Jaeyeon Jo , Jihwan Yu , Jinkyoo Park

We consider a number of questions related to tradeoffs between reward and regret in repeated gameplay between two agents. To facilitate this, we introduce a notion of $\textit{generalized equilibrium}$ which allows for asymmetric regret…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-12-19 William Brown , Jon Schneider , Kiran Vodrahalli

Recent developments in deep reinforcement learning are concerned with creating decision-making agents which can perform well in various complex domains. A particular approach which has received increasing attention is multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Georgios Papoudakis , Filippos Christianos , Arrasy Rahman , Stefano V. Albrecht

Self-training achieves enormous success in various semi-supervised and weakly-supervised learning tasks. The method can be interpreted as a teacher-student framework, where the teacher generates pseudo-labels, and the student makes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Simiao Zuo , Yue Yu , Chen Liang , Haoming Jiang , Siawpeng Er , Chao Zhang , Tuo Zhao , Hongyuan Zha

The Stackelberg game model, where a leader commits to a strategy and the follower best responds, has found widespread application, particularly to security problems. In the security setting, the goal is for the leader to compute an optimal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Sai Mali Ananthanarayanan , Christian Kroer

Learning from a partner who collects higher payoff is a frequently used working hypothesis in evolutionary game theory. One of the alternative dynamical rules is when the focal player prefers to follow the strategy choice of the majority in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-09-14 Attila Szolnoki , Xiaojie Chen

In shared autonomy, a critical tension arises when an automated assistant must choose between obeying a human's instruction and deliberately overriding it to prevent harm. This safety-critical behavior is known as intelligent disobedience.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Benedikt Hornig , Reuth Mirsky

Optimizing strategic decisions (a.k.a. computing equilibrium) is key to the success of many non-cooperative multi-agent applications. However, in many real-world situations, we may face the exact opposite of this game-theoretic problem --…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-05 Jibang Wu , Weiran Shen , Fei Fang , Haifeng Xu

This paper addresses a Stackelberg stochastic linear-quadratic (LQ) differential game under closed-loop information, a problem inherently time-inconsistent. Existing approaches rely on solving two coupled Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB)…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-27 Qi Lü , Bowen Ma , Hanxiao Wang

Guided trajectory planning involves a leader robot strategically directing a follower robot to collaboratively reach a designated destination. However, this task becomes notably challenging when the leader lacks complete knowledge of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Yuhan Zhao , Quanyan Zhu

We study decentralized equilibrium selection in stochastic games under severe information and communication constraints. In such settings, convergence to equilibrium alone is insufficient, as stochastic games typically admit many equilibria…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Seref Taha Kiremitci , Ahmed Said Donmez , Muhammed O. Sayin

This paper is concerned with a linear-quadratic (LQ) leader-follower differential game with mixed deterministic and stochastic controls. In the game, the follower is a random controller which means that the follower can choose adapted…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Jingtao Shi , Guangchen Wang

Multi-agent reinforcement learning systems aim to provide interacting agents with the ability to collaboratively learn and adapt to the behaviour of other agents. In many real-world applications, the agents can only acquire a partial view…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-04 Ozsel Kilinc , Giovanni Montana

This paper addresses the problem of composite synchronization and learning control in a network of multi-agent robotic manipulator systems with heterogeneous nonlinear uncertainties under a leader-follower framework. A novel two-layer…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Emadodin Jandaghi , Dalton L. Stein , Adam Hoburg , Paolo Stegagno , Mingxi Zhou , Chengzhi Yuan

We study reinforcement learning (RL) for learning a Quantal Stackelberg Equilibrium (QSE) in an episodic Markov game with a leader-follower structure. In specific, at the outset of the game, the leader announces her policy to the follower…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-27 Siyu Chen , Mengdi Wang , Zhuoran Yang

While advances in multi-agent learning have enabled the training of increasingly complex agents, most existing techniques produce a final policy that is not designed to adapt to a new partner's strategy. However, we would like our AI agents…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-06 Andy Shih , Stefano Ermon , Dorsa Sadigh

Almost all multi-agent reinforcement learning algorithms without communication follow the principle of centralized training with decentralized execution. During centralized training, agents can be guided by the same signals, such as the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Zhiwei Xu , Bin Zhang , Dapeng Li , Zeren Zhang , Guangchong Zhou , Hao Chen , Guoliang Fan