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The streaming instability is the leading model for planetesimal formation in protoplanetary disks, but it typically operates within the first ~Myr. In the Solar System, however, some planetesimals (the chondrite parent bodies) formed 2-4…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-29 Maya Tatarelli , Alessandro Morbidelli , Elena Lega

Low-mass, metal-enriched stars were likely present as early as cosmic dawn. In this work, we investigate whether these stars could have hosted planets in their protoplanetary disks. If so, these would have been the first planets to form in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-07-31 Linn E. J. Eriksson , Shyam Menon , Daniel Carrera , Wladimir Lyra , Blakesley Burkhart

The streaming instability is a promising mechanism to drive the formation of planetesimals in protoplanetary disks. To trigger this process, it has been argued that sedimentation of solids onto the mid-plane needs to be efficient and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2018-11-28 Chao-Chin Yang , Mordecai-Mark Mac Low , Anders Johansen

Some circumstellar disks are observed to show prominent spiral arms in infrared scattered light or (sub-)millimeter dust continuum. The spirals might be formed from self-gravity, shadows, or planet-disk interactions. Recently, it was…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-16 Pinghui Huang , Ruobing Dong , Hui Li , Shengtai Li , Jianghui Ji

Large-scale vortices in protoplanetary disks are thought to form and survive for long periods of time. Hence, they can significantly change the global disk evolution and particularly the distribution of the solid particles embedded in the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-09-20 P. Barge , L. Ricci , C. L. Carilli , R. Previn-Ratnasingam

We consider the formation and evolution of vortices in a hydrodynamic shearing-sheet model. The evolution is done numerically using a version of the ZEUS code. Consistent with earlier results, an injected vorticity field evolves into a set…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 Bryan M. Johnson , Charles F. Gammie

The aim of this paper is to study the vertical profile of small dust particles in protoplanetary discs in which angular momentum transport is due to MHD turbulence driven by the magnetorotational instability. We consider particle sizes that…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Sebastien Fromang , Richard P. Nelson

We investigate fluid motions near the midplane of vertically stratified accretion disks with highly resistive midplanes. In such disks, the magnetorotational instability drives turbulence in thin layers surrounding a resistive, stable dead…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-11-20 Jeffrey S. Oishi , Mordecai-Mark Mac Low

The formation of planetesimals in protoplanetary disks due to collisional sticking of smaller dust aggregates has to face at least two severe obstacles, namely the rapid loss of material due to radial inward drift and particle fragmentation…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 F. Brauer , Th. Henning , C. P. Dullemond

Dust growth from micron- to planet-size in protoplanetary discs involves multiple physical processes, including dust collisions, the streaming instability, and pebble accretion. Disc turbulence and dust fragility matter at almost every…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-14 Simin Tong , Richard Alexander , Giovanni Rosotti

We identify a new hydrodynamical instability in protoplanetary discs that may arise due to variations in the dust-to-gas ratio and may lead to concentration of dust grains within a disc. The instability can arise due to dust settling, which…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-09-09 Pablo Loren-Aguilar , Matthew R. Bate

We investigate the effects of different dust and gas opacity descriptions on the structure and evolution of the inner regions of protoplanetary discs. The influence on the episodic instability of the inner rim is hereby of central interest.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-03-25 Michael Cecil , Mario Flock , Mykola G. Malygin , Rolf Kuiper , Prakruti Sudarshan , Alexandros Ziampras , Vardan G. Elbakyan

Theoretical models of protoplanetary disks have shown the Vertical Shear Instability (VSI) to be a prime candidate to explain turbulence in the dead zone of the disk. However, simulations of the VSI have yet to show consistent levels of key…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-07 Natascha Manger , Hubert Klahr , Wilhelm Kley , Mario Flock

Recent observations by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) of disks around young stars revealed distinct asymmetries in the dust continuum emission. In this work we want to study axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-01-28 M. Flock , J. P. Ruge , N. Dzyurkevich , Th. Henning , H. Klahr , S. Wolf

We study the stability of gaps opened by a giant planet in a self-gravitating protoplanetary disc. We find a linear instability associated with both the self-gravity of the disc and local vortensity maxima which coincide with gap edges. For…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-27 Min-Kai Lin , John Papaloizou

Rossby wave instability (RWI) at dead zone boundaries may play an important role in planet formation. Viscous hydrodynamics results suggest RWI is excited only when the viscosity changes over a radial distance less than two density scale…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2015-01-21 W. Lyra , N. Turner , C. McNally

We study axisymmetric models of layered protoplanetary discs taking radiative transfer effects into account, and allowing for a residual viscosity in the dead zone. We also explore the effect of different viscosity prescriptions. In…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 R. Wunsch , A. Gawryszczak , H. Klahr , M. Rozyczka

Context: Anticyclonic vortices are considered as a favourable places for trapping dust and forming planetary embryos. On the other hand, they are massive blobs that can interact gravitationally with the planets in the disc. Aims: We aim to…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2014-12-03 S. Ataiee , C. P. Dullemond , W. Kley , Zs. Regaly , H. Meheut

Dusty plasma experiments can be performed quite easily in strong coupling regime. In our previous work [Phys. Plasmas 21, 073705 (2014)], we numerically explored such plasmas with constant density and observed the transverse shear (TS)…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2020-11-04 Vikram S. Dharodi

The formation of planetesimals in protoplanetary disks is not well-understood. Streaming instability is a promising mechanism to directly form planetesimals from pebble-sized particles, provided a high enough solids-to-gas ratio. However,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-05-24 Djoeke Schoonenberg , Chris W. Ormel