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Quantum classifiers are trainable quantum circuits used as machine learning models. The first part of the circuit implements a quantum feature map that encodes classical inputs into quantum states, embedding the data in a high-dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-03 Seth Lloyd , Maria Schuld , Aroosa Ijaz , Josh Izaac , Nathan Killoran

The Quantum Fourier Transformation (QFT) is a well-known subroutine for algorithms on qubit-based universal quantum computers. In this work, the known QFT circuit is used to derive an efficient circuit for the multidimensional QFT. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-01 Philipp Pfeffer

We propose a classical-quantum hybrid algorithm for machine learning on near-term quantum processors, which we call quantum circuit learning. A quantum circuit driven by our framework learns a given task by tuning parameters implemented on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-25 Kosuke Mitarai , Makoto Negoro , Masahiro Kitagawa , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum machine learning (QML) is an emerging field that investigates the capabilities of quantum computers for learning tasks. While QML models can theoretically offer advantages such as exponential speed-ups, challenges in data loading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-03 Florian J. Kiwit , Bernhard Jobst , Andre Luckow , Frank Pollmann , Carlos A. Riofrío

Quantum Implicit Neural Representations (QINRs) include components for learning and execution on gate-based quantum computers. While QINRs recently emerged as a promising new paradigm, many challenges concerning their architecture and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Shuteng Wang , Christian Theobalt , Vladislav Golyanik

Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) offer a promising framework for integrating quantum computing principles into machine learning, yet their practical capabilities and limitations remain insufficiently studied. In this work, we systematically…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Martyna Czuba , Patrick Holzer , Hein Zay Yar Oo

Quantum computers promise to solve several categories of problems faster than classical computers ever could. Current research mostly focuses on qubits, i.e., systems where the unit of information can assume only two levels. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-25 Kevin Mato , Stefan Hillmich , Robert Wille

Quantum computers hold great promise to enhance machine learning, but their current qubit counts restrict the realisation of this promise. In an attempt to placate this limitation techniques can be applied for evaluating a quantum circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-16 Simon C. Marshall , Casper Gyurik , Vedran Dunjko

Quantum computers are known to provide speedups over classical state-of-the-art machine learning methods in some specialized settings. For example, quantum kernel methods have been shown to provide an exponential speedup on a learning…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-21 Abdulkadir Canatar , Evan Peters , Cengiz Pehlevan , Stefan M. Wild , Ruslan Shaydulin

With near-term quantum devices available and the race for fault-tolerant quantum computers in full swing, researchers became interested in the question of what happens if we replace a supervised machine learning model with a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-20 Maria Schuld

In the domain of variational quantum algorithms, quantum Fourier models (QFMs) provide a mathematically well defined structure for quantum machine learning (QML). There has been a substantial amount of work on the scalability and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-07 Melvin Strobl , Maja Franz , Lukas Scheller , Eileen Kuehn , Wolfgang Mauerer , Achim Streit

With the exponentially faster computation for certain problems, quantum computing has garnered significant attention in recent years. Variational quantum algorithms are crucial methods to implement quantum computing, and an appropriate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Fei Zhang , Jie Li , Zhimin He , Haozhen Situ

The universality of a quantum neural network refers to its ability to approximate arbitrary functions and is a theoretical guarantee for its effectiveness. A non-universal neural network could fail in completing the machine learning task.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-27 Xiaokai Hou , Guanyu Zhou , Qingyu Li , Shan Jin , Xiaoting Wang

Quantum embedding learning is an important step in the application of quantum machine learning to classical data. In this paper we propose a quantum few-shot embedding learning paradigm, which learns embeddings useful for training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-31 Minzhao Liu , Junyu Liu , Rui Liu , Henry Makhanov , Danylo Lykov , Anuj Apte , Yuri Alexeev

Quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a key ingredient of many quantum algorithms where a considerable amount of ancilla qubits and gates are often needed to form a Hilbert space large enough for high-precision results. Qubit recycling reduces…

In this work, we propose a framework in the form of a Python package, specifically designed for the analysis of Quantum Machine Learning models. This framework is based on the PennyLane simulator and facilitates the evaluation and training…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Melvin Strobl , Maja Franz , Eileen Kuehn , Wolfgang Mauerer , Achim Streit

Quantum data loading plays a central role in quantum algorithms and quantum information processing. Many quantum algorithms hinge on the ability to prepare arbitrary superposition states as a subroutine, with claims of exponential speedups…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-25 Chun-Tse Li , Hao-Chung Cheng

Machine learning algorithms based on parametrized quantum circuits are prime candidates for near-term applications on noisy quantum computers. In this direction, various types of quantum machine learning models have been introduced and…

We present a systematic study of how quantum circuit design, specifically the depth of the variational ansatz and the choice of quantum feature mapping, affects the performance of hybrid quantum-classical neural networks on a causal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Silvie Illésová , Tomasz Rybotycki , Piotr Gawron , Martin Beseda

Parameterized quantum circuits as machine learning models are typically well described by their representation as a partial Fourier series of the input features, with frequencies uniquely determined by the feature map's generator…