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The integration of Terrestrial Networks (TN) and Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) plays a crucial role in bridging the digital divide and enabling Sixth Generation (6G) and beyond to achieve truly ubiquitous connectivity. However, combining…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Muhammad Ali Jamshed , Malik Muhammad Saad , Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Dongkyun Kim , Octavia A. Dobre , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Lina Mohjazi

Due to an ever-expansive network deployment, numerous questions are being raised regarding the energy consumption of the mobile network. Recently, Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) have proven to be a useful, and complementary solution to…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Henri Alam , Antonio de Domenico , Florian Kaltenberger , David López-Pérez

Non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication has garnered considerable attention from government entities, industries, and academia in recent times. NTN networks encompass a variety of systems, including Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Mahfuzur Rahman , Zoheb Hassan , Jeffrey H. Reed , Lingjia Liu

Wireless communication is evolving with the adoption of dynamic and self-organizing networks. They are expected to play a crucial role in shaping sixth-generation (6G) systems and the ongoing standardization process. The concept of…

Accurate asset localization holds paramount importance across various industries, ranging from transportation management to search and rescue operations. In scenarios where traditional positioning equations cannot be adequately solved due…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Alejandro Gonzalez-Garrido , Jorge Querol , Henk Wymeersch , Symeon Chatzinotas

With the construction of low-earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellations, ubiquitous connectivity has been achieved. Terrestrial networks (TNs), such as cellular networks, are mainly deployed in specific urban areas and use licensed…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-12 Bodong Shang , Zheng Wang , Xiangyu Li , Chungang Yang , Chao Ren , Haijun Zhang

In this paper, we present the vision of our project 6G for Connected Sky (6G-SKY) to integrate terrestrial networks (TNs) and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) and outline the current research activities in 6G research projects in comparison…

In order to bolster the next generation of wireless networks, there has been a great deal of interest in non-terrestrial networks (NTN), including satellites, high altitude platform stations (HAPS), and uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAV). To…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-25 Faical Khennoufa , Khelil Abdellatif , Halim Yanikomeroglu , Metin Ozturk , Taissir Elganimi , Ferdi Kara , Khaled Rabie

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) are expected to be a critical component of 6th Generation (6G) networks, providing ubiquitous, continuous, and scalable services. Satellites emerge as the primary enabler for NTN, leveraging their extensive…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Shadab Mahboob , Lingjia Liu

This paper overviews the 3GPP 5G NR-NTN standard, detailing the evolution from Rel. 18 to 19 and innovations for Rel. 20. Using realistic ns-3 simulations validated against 3GPP calibration data, we evaluate various satellite network…

The rapid evolution of cellular networks has introduced groundbreaking technologies, including large and distributed antenna arrays and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces in terrestrial networks (TNs), as well as aerial and space-based…

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are considered a promising technology for seamless, universal communication in the 6G era. However, signals from NTN elements to ground users are often blocked by high-rise buildings in dense urban…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-03-30 Junse Lee , François Baccelli

The co-existence of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) is essential for achieving global coverage in sixth-generation cellular networks. Due to increasing spectrum demand, there is discussion in the world level to share some…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Lingrui Zhang , Zheng Li , Sheng Yang

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are a critical enabler of the persistent connectivity vision of sixth-generation networks, as they can service areas where terrestrial infrastructure falls short. However, the integration of these networks…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-25 Mehmet Ali Aygul , Halise Turkmen , Mehmet Izzet Saglam , Hakan Ali Cirpan , Huseyin Arslan

Sustainability is paramount in modern cellular networks, which face significant energy consumption challenges from rising mobile traffic and advancements in wireless technology. Cell-switching, well-established in literature as an effective…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-19 Metin Ozturk , Maryam Salamatmoghadasi , Halim Yanikomeroglu

While 5G networks are being rolled out, the definition of the potential 5G-Advanced features and the identification of disruptive technologies for 6G systems are being addressed by the scientific and academic communities to tackle the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Alessandro Guidotti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli , Carla Amatetti

Today, 5G networks are being worldwide rolled out, with significant benefits in our economy and society. However, 5G systems alone are not expected to be sufficient for the challenges that 2030 networks will experience, including, e.g.,…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Alessandro Guidotti , Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli , Vincenzo Schena , Nicolas Chuberre , Mohamed El Jaafari , Jani Puttonen , Stefano Cioni

The emerging Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) can aid to provide 5G and beyond services everywhere and anytime. However, the vast emergence of NTN systems will introduce an unseen interference to both the existing satellite systems and…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Henrik Martikainen , Mikko Majamaa , Jani Puttonen

The International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2030 framework recently adopted by the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) envisions 6G networks to deliver intelligent, seamless connectivity that…

Next-generation wireless networks require massive connectivity and ubiquitous coverage, for which non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are a promising enabler. However, NTNs, especially non-geostationary satellites bring about challenges such as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-14 Yusuf Islam Demir , Muhammad Sohaib J. Solaija , Huseyin Arslan