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Data selection for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) aims to choose a high-quality subset from existing datasets, allowing the trained model to outperform baselines trained on the full dataset. However, the expanding body of research…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ziche Liu , Rui Ke , Yajiao Liu , Feng Jiang , Haizhou Li

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capability in numerous tasks and applications. However, fine-tuning LLMs using high-quality datasets under external supervision remains prohibitively expensive. In response, LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Chunyang Jiang , Chi-min Chan , Wei Xue , Qifeng Liu , Yike Guo

Previous studies have demonstrated that not each sample in a dataset is of equal importance during training. Data pruning aims to remove less important or informative samples while still achieving comparable results as training on the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zi Yang , Haojin Yang , Soumajit Majumder , Jorge Cardoso , Guillermo Gallego

Large Language Model (LLM) pre-training exhausts an ever growing compute budget, yet recent research has demonstrated that careful document selection enables comparable model quality with only a fraction of the FLOPs. Inspired by efforts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Xiang Kong , Tom Gunter , Ruoming Pang

Finetuning large language models on instruction data is crucial for enhancing pre-trained knowledge and improving instruction-following capabilities. As instruction datasets proliferate, selecting optimal data for effective training becomes…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Simon Yu , Liangyu Chen , Sara Ahmadian , Marzieh Fadaee

Quality pretraining data is often seen as the key to high-performance language models. However, progress in understanding pretraining data has been slow due to the costly pretraining runs required for data selection experiments. We present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Tristan Thrush , Christopher Potts , Tatsunori Hashimoto

Data selection is critical for enhancing the performance of language models, particularly when aligning training datasets with a desired target distribution. This study explores the effects of different data selection methods and feature…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Jiayao Gu , Liting Chen , Yihong Li

There has been limited success for dense retrieval models in multilingual retrieval, due to uneven and scarce training data available across multiple languages. Synthetic training data generation is promising (e.g., InPars or Promptagator),…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Nandan Thakur , Jianmo Ni , Gustavo Hernández Ábrego , John Wieting , Jimmy Lin , Daniel Cer

Data selection for finetuning Large Language Models (LLMs) can be framed as a budget-constrained optimization problem: maximizing a model's downstream performance under a strict training data budget. Solving this problem is generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Animesh Jha , Harshit Gupta , Ananjan Nandi

Data is stored in both structured and unstructured form. Querying both, to power natural language conversations, is a challenge. This paper introduces dIR, Discrete Information Retrieval, providing a unified interface to query both free…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Pablo M. Rodriguez Bertorello , Jean Rodmond Junior Laguerre

Selecting high-quality data for pre-training is crucial in shaping the downstream task performance of language models. A major challenge lies in identifying this optimal subset, a problem generally considered intractable, thus necessitating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 David Brandfonbrener , Hanlin Zhang , Andreas Kirsch , Jonathan Richard Schwarz , Sham Kakade

Large Language Models(LLMs) excel in general tasks but struggle in specialized domains like healthcare due to limited domain-specific knowledge.Supervised Fine-Tuning(SFT) data construction for domain adaptation often relies on heuristic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Hongxin Ding , Yue Fang , Runchuan Zhu , Xinke Jiang , Jinyang Zhang , Yongxin Xu , Xu Chu , Junfeng Zhao , Yasha Wang

The composition of pre-training datasets for large language models (LLMs) remains largely undisclosed, hindering transparency and efforts to optimize data quality, a critical driver of model performance. Current data selection methods, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xinlin Zhuang , Jiahui Peng , Ren Ma , Yinfan Wang , Tianyi Bai , Xingjian Wei , Jiantao Qiu , Chi Zhang , Ying Qian , Conghui He

Sequential importance sampling algorithms have been defined to estimate likelihoods in models of ancestral population processes. However, these algorithms are based on features of the models with constant population size, and become…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2016-03-24 Coralie Merle , Raphaël Leblois , François Rousset , Pierre Pudlo

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in real-world systems, yet they can produce toxic or biased outputs that undermine safety and trust. Post-hoc model repair provides a practical remedy, but the high cost of parameter…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xuran Li , Jingyi Wang

Over recent years, an increasing amount of compute and data has been poured into training large language models (LLMs), usually by doing one-pass learning on as many tokens as possible randomly selected from large-scale web corpora. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Kushal Tirumala , Daniel Simig , Armen Aghajanyan , Ari S. Morcos

Pretraining large language models (LLMs) on vast and heterogeneous datasets is crucial for achieving state-of-the-art performance across diverse downstream tasks. However, current training paradigms treat all samples equally, overlooking…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Daouda Sow , Herbert Woisetschläger , Saikiran Bulusu , Shiqiang Wang , Hans-Arno Jacobsen , Yingbin Liang

Effective data selection is essential for pretraining large language models (LLMs), enhancing efficiency and improving generalization to downstream tasks. However, existing approaches often require leveraging external pretrained models,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jie Hao , Rui Yu , Wei Zhang , Huixia Wang , Jie Xu , Mingrui Liu

Although Large language Model (LLM)-powered information extraction (IE) systems have shown impressive capabilities, current fine-tuning paradigms face two major limitations: high training costs and difficulties in aligning with LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yushen Fang , Jianjun Li , Mingqian Ding , Chang Liu , Xinchi Zou , Wenqi Yang

Information retrieval systems are crucial for enabling effective access to large document collections. Recent approaches have leveraged Large Language Models (LLMs) to enhance retrieval performance through query augmentation, but often rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Pengcheng Jiang , Jiacheng Lin , Lang Cao , Runchu Tian , SeongKu Kang , Zifeng Wang , Jimeng Sun , Jiawei Han
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