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Multi-label (ML) data deals with multiple classes associated with individual samples at the same time. This leads to the co-occurrence of several classes repeatedly, which indicates some existing correlation among them. In this article, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-23 Anwesha Law , Ashish Ghosh

Pseudo-labeling has proven to be a promising semi-supervised learning (SSL) paradigm. Existing pseudo-labeling methods commonly assume that the class distributions of training data are balanced. However, such an assumption is far from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Renzhen Wang , Xixi Jia , Quanziang Wang , Yichen Wu , Deyu Meng

The field of Weakly Supervised Learning (WSL) has recently seen a surge of popularity, with numerous papers addressing different types of "supervision deficiencies", namely: poor quality, non adaptability, and insufficient quantity of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Pierre Nodet , Vincent Lemaire , Alexis Bondu , Antoine Cornuéjols

It remains difficult to evaluate machine learning classifiers in the absence of a large, labeled dataset. While labeled data can be prohibitively expensive or impossible to obtain, unlabeled data is plentiful. Here, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Divya Shanmugam , Shuvom Sadhuka , Manish Raghavan , John Guttag , Bonnie Berger , Emma Pierson

In this work we consider a problem of multi-label classification, where each instance is associated with some binary vector. Our focus is to find a classifier which minimizes false negative discoveries under constraints. Depending on the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-03-29 Evgenii Chzhen

Multi-label classification is the task of assigning a subset of labels to a given query instance. For evaluating such predictions, the set of predicted labels needs to be compared to the ground-truth label set associated with that instance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Eyke Hüllermeier , Marcel Wever , Eneldo Loza Mencia , Johannes Fürnkranz , Michael Rapp

Training a classifier exploiting a huge amount of supervised data is expensive or even prohibited in a situation, where the labeling cost is high. The remarkable progress in working with weaker forms of supervision is binary classification…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Yuhao Wu , Xiaobo Xia , Jun Yu , Bo Han , Gang Niu , Masashi Sugiyama , Tongliang Liu

We develop a new classification framework based on the theory of coherent risk measures and systemic risk. The proposed approach is suitable for multi-class problems when the data is noisy, scarce (relative to the dimension of the problem),…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-29 Darinka Dentcheva , Xiangyu Tian

Embedding approaches have become one of the most pervasive techniques for multi-label classification. However, the training process of embedding methods usually involves a complex quadratic or semidefinite programming problem, or the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Xiuwen Gong , Dong Yuan , Wei Bao

In multiclass classification, the goal is to learn how to predict a random label $Y$, valued in $\mathcal{Y}=\{1,\; \ldots,\; K \}$ with $K\geq 3$, based upon observing a r.v. $X$, taking its values in $\mathbb{R}^q$ with $q\geq 1$ say, by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-24 Stephan Clémençon , Robin Vogel

Classification aids software development activities by organizing requirements in classes for easier access and retrieval. The majority of requirements classification research has, so far, focused on binary or multi-class classification.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Waleed Abdeen , Michael Unterkalmsteiner , Krzysztof Wnuk , Alexandros Chirtoglou , Christoph Schimanski , Heja Goli

Semi-supervised learning has emerged as an appealing strategy to train deep models with limited supervision. Most prior literature under this learning paradigm resorts to dual-based architectures, typically composed of a teacher-student…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Martin Van Waerebeke , Gregory Lodygensky , Jose Dolz

The goal of two-sample tests is to assess whether two samples, $S_P \sim P^n$ and $S_Q \sim Q^m$, are drawn from the same distribution. Perhaps intriguingly, one relatively unexplored method to build two-sample tests is the use of binary…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-14 David Lopez-Paz , Maxime Oquab

Excessive reuse of holdout data can lead to overfitting. However, there is little concrete evidence of significant overfitting due to holdout reuse in popular multiclass benchmarks today. Known results show that, in the worst-case,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Vitaly Feldman , Roy Frostig , Moritz Hardt

Class imbalance remains a critical challenge in semi-supervised learning (SSL), especially when distributional mismatches between labeled and unlabeled data lead to biased classification. Although existing methods address this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Senmao Tian , Xiang Wei , Shunli Zhang

In multi-label classification, where a single example may be associated with several class labels at the same time, the ability to model dependencies between labels is considered crucial to effectively optimize non-decomposable evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Michael Rapp , Eneldo Loza Mencía , Johannes Fürnkranz , Eyke Hüllermeier

Gathering training data is a key step of any supervised learning task, and it is both critical and expensive. Critical, because the quantity and quality of the training data has a high impact on the performance of the learned function.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Quentin Lutz , Élie de Panafieu , Alex Scott , Maya Stein

Machine learning approaches to multi-label document classification have to date largely relied on discriminative modeling techniques such as support vector machines. A drawback of these approaches is that performance rapidly drops off as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2011-11-11 Timothy N. Rubin , America Chambers , Padhraic Smyth , Mark Steyvers

Modern computing and communication technologies can make data collection procedures very efficient. However, our ability to analyze large data sets and/or to extract information out from them is hard-pressed to keep up with our capacities…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-30 Zhanfeng Wang , Yumi Kwon , Yuan-chin Ivan Chang

Extreme multi-label classification aims to learn a classifier that annotates an instance with a relevant subset of labels from an extremely large label set. Many existing solutions embed the label matrix to a low-dimensional linear…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-06 Yuefeng Liang , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Thomas C. M. Lee